1. Unit 1Chapter 2, Sections 2-3 Causation in Science/ Procedure and Ethics in Research Mr. Young

2. Essential Question • Why is it important to look at the cause before jumping to conclusions of the effect of an event?

3. The Nature of Causation • Causation- events occur in predictable, nonrandom ways • Social Scientists look for the factors that cause social events to happen

4. Causation Videos • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MTbZoKEOkUg

5. Multiple Causation • Belief that an event occurs as a result of several factors working in combination

13. Variables • Characteristic that is subject to change

14. Quantitative Variable • Variable that can be measured and given a numerical value • Example: literacy rate in developing countries

15. Qualitative Variable • Defined by presence or absence in a category • Example: “either/or” “yes/no” • Sex, Marital status, group membership

16. Independent Variable • A characteristic that causes something to occur • Time studying for test

17. Dependent Variable • A characteristic that reflects a change • Grade on Test

18. Intervening Variable • Variable that changes the relationship between an independent and dependent variable • Government assistance that can help the poor • Sickness in the family

20. Correlation • A measure of the relationship between two variables • Existence of correlation does not necessarily mean a cause-and-effect relationship exists

21. Correlation videos • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DLLJMMXrnQE&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkAymkcZO48

22. Positive correlation • When independent and dependent variable change in the same direction • When grades (dependent) improve as study time increases (independent)

23. Positive Correlation Videos • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6AtTIdjRQ4

24. Negative correlation • Variables change in opposite direction • Grades (dependent) go down as time spent watching television (independent) increase

25. Correlation and Causation • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNonyq1yhiE

26. Standards for showing causation • Standard 1- Two variables must be correlated

27. Standards Continued • Standard 2- All other possible factors must be taken into account • Spurious correlation- relationship between two variables that is actually caused by 3rd factor

28. Standard Cont. • Standard 3- Change in independent variable must occur before a change in dependent can occur

29. Section 3: Procedures in Research • Scientific Method- pursuit of knowledge in a systematic way • Hypothesis- educated guess

30. 7 steps of research • Step 1: Identify the Problem

31. Step 2: Review the Literature

32. Step 3: Formulate Hypothesis • Because of the popularity of the show, more people with last name Griffen are calling their son Stewie

33. Step 4: Develop a Research Design

34. Steps Contiued: • Step 5: Collect Data • Step 6: Analyze Data • Step 7: State finding and Conclusion

35. Essential Question • Why is it important to look at the cause before jumping to conclusions of the effect of an event?