1. Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority Regulatory Oversight of Physical Protection and Nuclear Security Abdul Shakoor Directorate of Physical Protection and Nuclear Security 11th March 2014, Islamabad

2. Contents • What is Nuclear Security? • Objectives and Essential Elements of Physical Protection. • Legal and Regulatory Framework • Review & Assessment and Inspection of the Physical Protection Program • Promoting Security Culture • Conclusions

3. Public Workers Environment What is Nuclear Security? • Physical Protection (RF, S&M), D&IT, MC&A, SSAC Unauthorized access Theft Illegal Transfer Response Detection Prevention • Detection at Borders, facilities, etc. sabotage Other malicious acts Response at facilities, borders, etc.

4. Objectives of Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Nuclear Facilities • Protect against unauthorized removal of nuclear material in use and storage, and during transport; • Ensure the implementation of measures to locate and recover missing or stolen nuclear material; • Protect against sabotage of nuclear facilities and sabotage of nuclear material in use and storage and during transport; and • Mitigate or minimize the radiological consequences of sabotage.

5. Essential Elements of Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Nuclear Facilities State Establishment and implementation of National Nuclear Security Regime for use, storage and transport (domestic and international) Legislative Framework National Threat Assessment Regulatory Body Establish and Enforce Regulatory Framework Security Culture Graded Approach Defence in Depth Quality Assurance Contingency Plans Confidentiality Operator Responsibilities

6. National Legal & Regulatory Framework UN Resolutions (1540, 1373) Code of Conduct on Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources [not a legal binding] CPPNM IAEA Resolutions IAEA-INFCIRC-225 National Legal & Regulatory Framework and International Obligations

7. Legal and Regulatory Framework • PNRA Ordinance 2001, 16.2(f) empowers PNRA “to ensure that appropriate measures for physical protection around nuclear installation are taken” • PNSRP Regulation 70 of 1990 states that: • The licensee shall be responsible to organize and ensure the physical protection of the nuclear material in use and storage and during transport and of nuclear facilities, including radioactive waste belonging to these facilities in accordance with the provisions of these regulations and guidelines.

8. Regulation for Licensing of Nuclear Installation(s) in Pakistan (PAK/909) • Clause 6(b) Permission to Introduce Nuclear Material into the Installation: • On approval of the documents and demonstration of the implementation of Emergency Preparedness Plans and Physical Protection Program in drills/exercises, permission to introduce nuclear material into the systems of nuclear installation may be granted by the Authority to complete nuclear commissioning and perform subsequent operation until the issuance of Operating License subject to the availability of the required number of licensed/authorized operating personnel.

9. Regulations on the Safety of Nuclear Power Plants Operation (PAK/913) • Clause 9: • (1) The licensee shall take measures for physical security and physical protection to prevent or deter unauthorized access to, intrusion into, theft of, surface attack on and internal or external sabotage of safety related systems and nuclear materials • (2) All reasonable precautions shall be taken to prevent individuals from deliberately carrying out unauthorized actions that could jeopardize safety. • (3) The licensee shall have plans and procedures in place to provide for physical protection of the site in the event of civil disturbance.

10. Draft Regulations on Physical Protection of Nuclear Installations and Nuclear Material • Detailed Regulations on Physical Protection of Nuclear Installations and Nuclear Material are in the process of development and are mainly based on IAEA, INFCIRC-225 Rev.5 (NSS-13).

11. Regulatory Framework for Security of Radioactive Sources • According to the PAK/904 Clause 20: • Sources shall be kept secure so as to prevent loss, theft, damage and to prevent any unauthorized transfer or access to the sources. • The licensee shall maintain an accountability system that includes records of: • the location and description of each source for which they are responsible; • the activity and form of each radioactive substance for which they are responsible. • The licensee shall make arrangements for the sources under their responsibility to be kept secure.

12. Nuclear Security Standards • PNRA requirements are consistent with the IAEA requirements and international standards: • For Nuclear Material and Facilities: The requirements are consistent with IAEA Nuclear Security Fundamentals and Nuclear Security Recommendations (INFCIRC 225/Rev.5). In some areas PNRA is also using US-NRC standards. • For Radioactive Sources: The requirements are consistent with IAEA Code of Conduct on Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources and Nuclear Security Recommendations (NSS-14 and 15).

13. Review & Assessment of the Physical Protection Program of Nuclear Facilities • PNRA requires the licensee to establish and implement physical protection program in different stages: • Construction License: PNRA reviews and approves the plan before awarding the Construction licensee to the facility. • Permission to Introduce Nuclear Material into the Installation: On approval and demonstration of the implementation of Physical Protection Program in drills/exercises, PNRA gives permission to introduce nuclear material into the systems of nuclear installation.

14. Concentric Security Circles Limited Access Area Protected Area Vital Area Protected Area Double fence

15. Review & Assessment of the Security of Radioactive Sources • PNRA requires users of Radioactive Sources in Category 1-3 to prepare and submit the security plans. • PNRA reviews and approves the plan before awarding the licensee to the facility. • Licensees are required to demonstrate the implementation of Security Plans in drills/exercises • Licensees are also required to submit a periodic report for the physical verification of radioactive sources.

16. Inspection and Enforcement • PNRA conducts inspections to verify that: • The information submitted relating to physical protection is in conformity with the actual conditions; • The activities related to physical protection comply with national regulations, licensing submissions approved by PNRA and/or the terms and conditions of the authorization/license. • In case of non-compliances, PNRA is empowered to take enforcement actions, ranging from issuance of directives for necessary corrective actions, curtailing activities and, in case of serious violations, suspension or revocation of license.

17. Inspection and Enforcement • PNRA conducts inspections to verify that: • The information submitted relating to physical protection is in conformity with the actual conditions; • The activities related to physical protection comply with national regulations, licensing submissions approved by PNRA and/or the terms and conditions of the authorization/license. • In case of non-compliances, PNRA is empowered to take enforcement actions, ranging from issuance of directives for necessary corrective actions, curtailing activities and, in case of serious violations, suspension or revocation of license.

18. Promoting Security Culture

19. Enhancement of Security Measures and Technological Improvements • PNRA has recommended the licensees to upgrade the security measures at the facilities to include technology based solutions for physical protection. • In this regard, PNRA is continuously supporting the licensee’s efforts for the up-gradation of security measures. • The upgrades of security systems and measures have been implemented at all the Hospitals using cat-1 sources in public and private sector. While the same upgrades are being implemented at PAEC operated medical centres.

20. Conclusions • PNRA has substantially enhanced oversight at the nuclear and other radiation facilities through increased frequency of inspections. • Our standards are consistent with the international standards. • All these activities of PNRA demonstrate the State´s commitment to fulfil its international obligations.