TOBI, continued

1. TOBI, continued January 29, 2008

3. The Outlook • Return course project reports. • New course schedule. • Today: • Continue the discussion of English Intonation • And the nuts and bolts of TOBI transcription. • Afterwards: • A discussion of respiration and pulmonic airflow. • For Thursday: • Work on new TOBI exercise files in the computer lab.

4. Course Project Languages Mandarin Cantonese Farsi (3) Welsh Urdu Hindi Dutch (Flemish) Tamil Hungarian

5. TOBI, so far • English has pitch accents, which align with stressed syllables in an utterance. • We’ve seen two pitch accents: • H* : peak in F0 • L* : trough in F0 • English also has boundary tones, which align with the ends of intonational phrases. • There are also two of these: • H% • L% • Boundary tones are not associated with a particular syllable.

6. For Example L* H%

7. For Example #2 H* L%

8. Information • Note that there’s a tendency to accent new information in the discourse. • 4 different patterns for 4 different contexts: • H* • H*: Manny came with Anna. • H* • H*: Manny came with Anna. • L* • L*: Manny came with Anna? • L* • L*: Manny came with Anna?

9. Question Formation • Note that not all questions end in L* H%. • What’s the intonational difference between these two? • Did you see Bob? • L*H% • Where did you go? • H* L% • The upsloping intonation only applies to yes/no questions. • Also note: “Uptalk” • = application of L* H% pattern to declarative sentences.

10. Break Indices • Intonation organizes utterances into phrases • “chunks” • Boundary tones mark the end of intonational phrases • Intonational phrases are the largest phrases • In the transcription of intonation, phrase boundaries are marked with Break Indices • Hence, TOBI = Tones and Break Indices • Break Indices are denoted by numbers • 1 = break between words • 4 = break between intonational phrases

11. Break Index Transcription Tones: L* H% Breaks: 1 1 1 4

12. 0 Level Boundaries • 0 level boundaries are marked wherever there is clear coarticulation across a word boundary • Also for flaps across word boundaries, as in “got it” 0 1 1 4

13. Downstepping • There can be more than one pitch accent within an intonational phrase. • Successive H* accents tend to drift downward in F0 within an intonational phrase. • = downdrift, or downstepping • This provides further evidence for phrasal organization. • Downstepped H* accents are denoted with a !H* • Anna gave Manny a mango. • H* !H* !H* L% • There’s a lovely, yellowish, old one. • H* !H* !H* L%

14. Downstepping Pitch Track H* !H* !H* L% =271 Hz =238 Hz =200 Hz

15. Intermediate Phrases • A downstepping pattern can be reset by the presence of an intermediate phrase boundary. • Example: • It’s lovely, and yellowish, and it’s an old one. • H* !H* L- H* L-L% • Intermediate phrase boundaries are marked with a break index of 3. • At the end of each intermediate phrase is an phrase accent • Either Low (L-) or High (H-)

16. Intermediate Phrase Transcription H* !H* L- H* L-L% 1 1 1 3 1 1 0 1 4

17. One Phrase vs. Two Phrases • No intermediate phrase boundary: • “I” means insert. • H* H*L-L% • 1 1 4 • An intermediate phrase boundary, with a L- phrase accent: • “I” means insert. • H* L- H*L-L% 3 1 4 • Note: intermediate sense of disjuncture, between word and intonational phrase.

18. One Phrase vs. Two Phrases • No intermediate phrase boundary: • Marianna made the marmalade. • L* L* H-H% • 1 1 1 4 • An intermediate phrase boundary, with a H- phrase accent: • Marianna made the marmalade. • L* H- L* H-H% • 3 1 1 4

19. Filling the Gap • Another feature of phrase accents is that they fill in the gap between the nuclear accent and the boundary of the intermediate phrase. L* + H L- H% 1 0 1 1 4

20. Combinations • Different combinations of phrase accents and boundary tones have different connotations. • L-L% Declarative sentences • H-H% Yes/No questions (usually) • L-H% Continuations • H-L% A “plateau” pattern • Upstep: boundary tones after H- are higher than normal.

21. Upstepping • H-H% • H-L% • “My name is Marianna.”

22. A Chunking Review utterance intonational phrase (intonational phrase) ... intermediate phrase (intermediate phrase) ... (pitch accent) nuclear accent (stressed syllable) stressed syllable

23. Break Indices • 4 marks boundaries between intonational phrases • associated with a boundary tone (H% or L%) • sense of complete disjuncture • 3 marks boundaries between intermediate phrases • associated with a phrase accent (H- or L-) • lesser sense of disjuncture • 1 marks boundaries between words • 0 marks non-boundaries between words • (2 marks uncertainties or apparent mismatches) • rarely used

24. Bitonal Pitch Accents • In addition to H* and L*, there are two bitonal pitch accents • L + H* • L* + H • The starred element denotes the tone which is associated with the stressed syllable • L + H* = high peak on stressed syllable, preceded by a sharp rise in pitch • L* + H = low pitch target on stressed syllable, followed by a sharp rise in pitch

25. H* vs. L + H* • Marianna won it. H* L + H* Note: informative vs. contrastive function

26. L* vs. L* + H • Only a millionaire. L* + H L- H% H* • Marianna made the marmalade. L* L* H-H%

27. L + H* vs. L* + H • There’s a lovely one at Bloomingdale’s. L* + H L + H*

28. More Downstepping • Bitonal pitch accents can also undergo downstepping. L + H* L + !H* L + !H* L-L% 1 1 1 1 1 4

29. Pitch-Accents Round-up • There are four pitch accents: • H* • L* • L + H* • L* + H • They attach to stressed syllables • The final pitch accent in an intonational phrase is the nuclear accent. • Generally perceived as more prominent.

30. Practice Time…