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Language and languages

Language and languages. A8633 C. Tardieu. I- From linguistics to sociolinguistics - Labov - Bourdieu - Blommaert II- Regional or minority languages - historical and institutional aspects III- Precocious language learning.

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Language and languages

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  1. Language and languages A8633 C. Tardieu

  2. I- From linguistics to sociolinguistics - Labov - Bourdieu - Blommaert • II- Regional or minority languages - historical and institutional aspects • III- Precocious language learning

  3. « Plutôt ne pas apprendre que d’apprendre ce qui me transformera en un autre que je ne veux pas être parce que, en vérité, je ne peux plus l’être, un autre même que je déteste, un « bouffon » comme on dit dans les banlieues aujourd’hui » (Chevallard, Y. in Aden, 2007 : 30).

  4. Labov’s contribution • Main cause of phonetic variation: social variations. • Still governed by rules which are very similar to the rules of grammatical derivation (inkeeping with Chomsky’s generative grammar) • Possible cause of school failure: the conscious or unconscious refusa of the legitimate norm.

  5. Pierre Bourdieu (1930-2002) • 59 Accepter le modèle saussurien et ses présupposés, c’est traiter le monde social comme un univers d’échanges symboliques et réduire l’action à un acte de communication qui, comme la parole saussurienne, est destinée à être déchiffré au moyen d’un chiffre ou d’un code, langue ou culture. (…) on doit se garder d’oublier que les rapports de communication par excellence que sont les échanges linguistiques sont aussi des rapports de pouvoir symbolique où s’actualisent les rapports de force entre les locuteurs ou leurs groupes respectifs. Bref, il faut dépasser l’alternative ordinaire entre l’économisme et le culturalisme, pour tenter d’élaborer une économie des échanges symboliques. (…) Bourdieu

  6. Bourdieu (ctd) • 61 Ce qui circule sur le marché linguistique, ce n’est pas « la langue », mais des discours stylistiquement caractérisés, à la fois du côté de la production, dans la mesure où chaque locuteur se fait un idiolecte avec la langue commune, et du côté de la réception, dans la mesure où chaque récepteur contribue à produire le message qu’il perçoit et apprécie en y important tout ce qui fait son expérience singulière et collective. (Bourdieu)

  7. “Integrated meaning relates to value – to truth, beauty and so forth – and requires a responsive understanding, one that includes evaluation (Bakhtin 1986: 125)

  8. Georges Davy, Elements de sociologie, Paris, Vrin, 1950, p. 233 : « Il (l’instituteur) agit quotidiennement de par sa fonction sur la faculté d’expression de toute idée et de toute émotion : sur le langage. En apprenant aux enfants, qui ne le connaissent que bien confusément ou qui parlent même des dialectes ou des patois divers, la même langue, une, claire et fixée, il les incline déjà tout naturellement à voir et à sentir les choses de la même façon ; et il travaille à édifier la conscience commune de la nation. » • « Fabriquer les similitudes d’où résulte la communauté de conscience qui est le ciment de la nation. »

  9. Bourdieu’s contribution • He pointed at the sociological dimension of language and languages • He pointed at the « symbolic violence » of the dominant language on the dominated one.

  10. Blommaert • Jan Blommaert : a sociolinguist teaching at Tilburg University (Netherlands) • Blommaert, J.M.E. (2010). Review of the book Language and social relations, A. Agha, 2007, 0521571766. Discourse and society, 21(5), 611-613.  • BLOMMAERT Jan, Discourse, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2004.

  11. Hofstede • " Culture is more often a source of conflict than of synergy. Cultural differences are a nuisance at best and often a disaster."     Prof. Geert Hofstede, Emeritus Professor, Maastricht University. • http://www.geert-hofstede.com/

  12. Blommaert • Blommaert’s criticism of Hofstede’s cultural taxonomy • Text and voice: 38 “First the elements related to voice and gesture were discarded as redundant; later the characteristics of handwriting were similarly set aside. The result has been a progressive dematerialisation, or refinement, of texts, a process in which the appeal of the original to our various senses has been purged away. A text needs to exist in physical form in order to survive; but its identity is not uniquely bound up in that physical form, nor in any one copy. All this seems self-evident to us today, but it is not at all. Take for example the deci[ai]sive role of the voice in oral literature, or of calligraphy in chinese poetry, and it becomes clear that this very notion of a “text” is itself the result of a cultural choice whose significance is incalculable”. (Ginzburg 1980: 16 quoted by Blommaert 2005: 38). • Criticism of a monolithic vision of culture

  13. Blommaert (ctd) • “Intercultural communication is before anything else an instance of interpersonal communication and can be described as such.” And: “Culture becomes context-and situation-dependent, it is not seen as an a-priori influence upon communication.” (2005: 13-14)

  14. Read from p.42 to 44 down to ‘book’ and explain what contextualisation means and why Blommaert says that contextualisation is dialogical • Read from p. 44 to 45 and say what dialogue is not • Grice’s maxims

  15. Read on p. 46 down to ‘in the book’ Can you explain what recontextualisation is about and Erving Goffman’s concept of frames? • p. 46-47 up to ‘interpretations’ What does intertextuality mean? • p. 47-48 down to ‘political’ What does entextualisation mean?

  16. Conclusion Pedagogical impact • Uptake: expected/unexpected uptake Uptake: what makes the input meaningful or not and thus conditions the intake • Dialogue • the possibility for the students to be unwilling to co-operate • the fact that they may not share lots of common ground between them or with the teacher • the frequent inequality of the teacher-pupil relationship.

  17. The notion of contextualisation universes and of recontextualisation • Pedagogical discourse (instructions, guidance) for teaching and learning purposes, • Classroom English (for communicative purposes), • Students’s discourse (artificial use of the L2; forbidden or authorized use of the L1) • Teacher’s discourse (using L1 or L2) • Language assistant’s discourse • …

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