The New Immigration

1. TheNew Immigration

2. Who Were the NewImmigrants? • Those immigrants who came to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. • 1860/1880/1890 until 1920. *depending upon historians view point.

3. Who were the OLD Immigrants?

4. The first immigrants Those who had traveled across the land bridge that once connected North America and Asia

5. The first immigrants from the Old World • Columbus & Spanish • The conquistadores • missionaries • The English • Virginia Company • Puritans • Quakers • The Dutch • traders • The French • Fur trappers • missionaries • African slaves

6. “Old Immigrants”

7. Old ImmigrantsIMMIGRANTS PRIOR TO 1890 • Primarily from Western & Northern Europe • They came from • Ireland • Germany • England • Wales • Scotland

8. Irish immigration • In Ireland, the potato famine was wreaking havoc. Across the rest of the continent, the economy was changing. Big landowners pushed peasants off their land. New factories made craftsmen obsolete

9. German immigration • Irish and German immigrants, who were seeking to escape from wars, economic dislocations and religious and ethnic discrimination in their own countries, were attracted to the City by the abundant demand for unskilled labor and the militant commitment of the democratic party to Democratic equality.

10. The New Immigration “The greatest free migration of people in human history” 1880-1920 During these years approximately 20 million Europeans immigrate to the United States.

11. What were the Reasons the New Immigrants came to the United States? • Hope for a better life. • To escape poverty. To find employment. • To escape famine and land shortages in Europe. • The chance to own land in America. • To escape religious persecution. • To escape political persecution.

12. The New Immigrants came from • Southern and Eastern Europe • Italy • Russia • Austria-Hungary • Poland • Greece • Turkey • Romania • Ireland *

13. The New Immigrants also came from • Asia • China • Japan • Latin America • Mexico • Caribbean nations

14. European Immigrants

15. European ImmigrantsEscaping Religious Persecution • Thousands of European Jews immigrated to the United States to escape POGROMS in Russia & Poland. • Anti-Semitism • Religious persecution of the Jewish people

16. European Immigrants • Left Europe’s rigid social class system • Came to America where a person could better their social/economic status.

17. European Immigrants • L A N D • Immigrants left Europe because a lack of available farm land to gain. • The United States offered the possibility of owning LAND. • Homestead Act of 1862.

18. European Immigrants • R E F O R M • Progressive and democratic reforms taking place in the United States inspired Europeans to come to have a greater say in how they are governed and to live better lives. • Old Monarchies and Political Turmoil in Europe dismayed many younger Europeans who felt there was no chance for change.

19. “Birds of Passage”

20. Chinese Immigrants

21. Why Chinese Immigrants came to “Gold Mountain” • California Gold Rush (1850s) • Work on Transcontinental Railroad and railroad building. • Work on farms and in mines in the West. • To operate businesses in America.

22. Chinese Immigration • Peak years of immigration was 1851-1883 • Approximately 200,000 Chinese Immigrants enter the United States.

23. Reaction to Chinese Immigrants • During difficult economic times of 1870s, unemployed Americans targeted their anger against Chinese labors who they saw as taking their jobs. • Anti-Chinese riots broke out in a number of cites.

28. The Chinese Exclusion ActBanned all Chinese Laborers.Only Chinese allowed to enter the United States were 1) students, 2) teachers, 3) merchants, 4) government officials, and 5) tourists.

29. Angel Island

30. Thomas Nast cartoons on Chinese Immigration

31. Thomas Nast on Chinese Immigration • “Every Dog (No Distinction of Color )has his Day.” • Red Gentleman to Yellow Gentleman. “Pale face ‘fraid you crowd him out, as he did me

32. “And Still They Come”

33. Japanese Immigrants

34. Japanese Immigration • Japanese were recruited to work on Hawaiian fruit and sugar plantations. • When Hawaii became a United States territory allowed opened up Japanese immigration to the West Coast of the United States. • By 1920, approximately 200,000 Japanese immigrants living on the West Coast of the United States.

35. San Francisco School Board Incident & The Gentlemen’s Agreement

36. Immigrants from the West Indies • Between 1880 and 1920, more than 260,000 West Indians immigrated to the United States. • Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Haiti, the Dominican Republic and other islands. • Jobs. Jobs. Jobs. • Settled largely in Florida, New Orleans, Gulf states, and NEW YORK CITY.

37. Immigrants from Mexico

38. MEXICAN IMMIGRANTS • TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO (1848) • United States acquired Mexican Cession from the Republic of Mexico for $15 million dollars • All Mexicans living in the Mexican Cession were granted United States citizenship.

39. Mexican Immigration • Newlands Act, aka The National Reclamation Act of 1902. • Provided advance irrigation to agricultural areas of the Desert Southwest of the United States. • Thousands of Mexicans immigrate to work on farms in the American Southwest.

40. Mexican Immigration • The Mexican Revolution. • Thousands left Mexico to escape political, economic and social turmoil. • 7% of entire Mexican population immigrates to United States.

41. The Journey to the New World

43. The New ColossusEmma Lazarus Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. "Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"

44. Ellis Island This became the primary entry point for millions of Europeans who immigrated to the United States.

45. Immigrant Inspection

46. G H E T T O S Most immigrants settled in communities settled by fellow immigrants from their homelands. Many would settle in the cities of their ports of entry.

48. The Challenge of Cities Between 1880 & 1920, 11 millions left the economic hardships of the farms for the opportunities that cities offered.

49. The Suburbs Residential communities surrounding the cities. Motorized transportation made living outside of cities and commuting to work in cities possible.

50. Chicago 1871