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BI 105A Environmental Biology Professor Jill Nissen Montgomery College Fall 2006

BI 105A Environmental Biology Professor Jill Nissen Montgomery College Fall 2006. A Crowded World Chapter 9 The Problems of Overpopulation. Global population continues to rise at a rate of roughly 78 million people per year.

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BI 105A Environmental Biology Professor Jill Nissen Montgomery College Fall 2006

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  1. BI 105AEnvironmental Biology Professor Jill Nissen Montgomery College Fall 2006

  2. A Crowded World Chapter 9 The Problems of Overpopulation

  3. Global population continues to rise at a rate of roughly 78 million people per year. Unfortunately, the most affected countries are also the ones least able to support more people - Sub-Saharan Africa and parts of South and West Asia • Of the 4.8 billion people in developing countries, • About 60% lack basic sanitation • About 33% has no access to clean water • About 25% lack adequate housing • About 20% lack access to modern health services.

  4. Factors related to human population growth • World hunger • More than 800 million of the world’s people do not get enough food to eat because they are unable to grow or afford food • Problem of uneven distribution

  5. Factors related to human population growth • Economic effects • If economic growth exceeds population growth, the standard of living will increase • If population growth exceeds economic growth, the standard of living will decrease External debt in developing countries exceeds $2.3 trillion

  6. infant and child mortality; importance of child labor; religious beliefs, traditions, & cultural norms that encourage large families. urbanization; education & employment opportunities for women; average age of marriage; availability of health & family planning services; Factors Affecting Total Fertility Rates

  7. Fertility rates and related factors • 1. Cultural values • High TFRs are traditional in many countries • High infant mortality • Cultural norms encourage large families • Important economic roles of children • Religious values

  8. Fertility rates and related factors • 2. Social and economic status of women • education & employment opportunities for women • As education increases, fertility rate decreases • average age of marriage • As marriage age increases, fertility rate decreases

  9. Fertility rates and related factors • Availability of family planning services • Greater contraceptive use among married women of reproductive age (blue bars) corresponds with lower fertility rates (red bars)

  10. Government Policies and Fertility • China • Most populous country in the world: 1.3 billion in 2004 • 1979-1984 coercive one-child family policy reduced TFR from 5.8 to 2.1 • 2004 TFR is 1.7 and the gov’t continues its policy of population control • India • 1950s first country to establish gov’t sponsored family planning • 1976 aggressive policy of sterilization – very unpopular and a failure • Today’s focus is on education – delay and space children • 1980-2004 TFR declined from 5.3 to 3.1, still above replacement level

  11. Government Policies and Fertility • Mexico • 1974 educational reform, family planning, and health care were introduced to reduce population growth • 1970-2004 TFR reduced from 6.7 to 2.8, still above replacement level • 35% of population is under 15, so even with a low birth-rate the population will grow due to the large number of women having babies (population growth momentum) • Nigeria • Worlds most rapid population growth • 1980-2004 TFR stayed about the same, 6.0 to 5.7 • 44% of population is under 15 , so even with a low birth-rate the population will grow due to the large number of women having babies (population growth momentum) • Only 8% of married women use contraception and less than half of all women have any knowledge of contraception

  12. Population Concerns in Europe • Opposite of most areas — fertility rate very low. • Pronatalists are people in favor of population growth • Pronatalists predict overwhelmed pension programs and loss of economic growth. • Opponents predict technological innovations will spur economic growth and the elderly will be asset to society.

  13. Review Objectives Population and Quality of Life• Relate human population growth to world hunger.• Describe the relationship between economic development and population growth.Reducing the Total Fertility Rate• Define culture and explain how total fertility rate and cultural values are related.• Define gender inequality and relate the social and economic status of women to total fertility rate.• Explain how the availability of family planning services affects total fertility rate.Government Policies and Fertility• Compare the ways the governments of China, India, Mexico, and Nigeria have tried to slow human population growth.• Define population growth momentum and explain its role in Mexico’s and Nigeria’s population growth.• Describe population concerns in Europe, including the views of pronatalists.

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