Respiratory Tract Conditions

1. Respiratory Tract Conditions Chapter 22

2. Lungs Occupy majority of thoracic cavity Primary bronchial tubes Alveoli

3. Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Often caused by viruses No participation in physical activity Fever (≥100.5°F) Severe malaise Myalgias Weakness Shortness of breath Dehydrated

4. Common Cold Contagious Person–person contact Airborne droplets Key—prevention!!!!

5. Common Cold (cont.) • S&S (begin 1–2 days after exposure and last 1–2 weeks) • Rhinorrhea • Sneezing • Nonproductive cough • Eye irritation • Malaise • Sore throat • Low-grade fever/chills • Management • No cure—viral; OTCs can alleviate symptoms • Rest; fluids • Vitamin C; zinc gluconate

6. Sinusitis Inflammation of the paranasal sinus Bacterial, viral, allergy, or environmental factors Often triggered by obstruction of passageway between the sinuses S&S Congestion Facial pain (behind cheeks and eyes, above teeth) Purulent discharge possible Coughing Swelling of eyes Fever and chills

8. Sinusitis (cont.) Bacterial infection—drainage will be dark; other causes—clear Management Physician referral Control infection, reduce mucosal edema, and allow for nasal discharge

9. Pharyngitis Viral, bacterial, or fungal infection of the pharynx, leading to a “sore throat” S&S Throat—dark red Tonsils swollen and red (possible pus present) Swallowing—painful Ear pain (due to swallowing) Rhinorrhea Lymphangitis Headache Cough Low-grade fever

10. Pharyngitis (cont.) • Management • Physician referral—must rule out “strep”; requires antibiotic • Otherwise, treat symptoms—rest, fluids, warm saline gargles, lozenges, and analgesics

11. Laryngitis Tissues below level of epiglottis are swollen and inflamed S&S Weak, hoarse, gravely voice Sore throat Fever Cough (usually dry and nonproductive) Difficulty swallowing Management Self-limiting Decrease talking! Treat symptoms

12. Tonsillitis Lymph glands located at back of throat Help protect the pharynx by filtering disease-producing bacteria S&S Inflamed and enlarged tonsils Fever Painful swallowing Sore throat Slight voice change Acute cases: treated with antibiotics Chronic: surgical removal

13. Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) Seasonal allergic rhinitis Involves a specific period of symptoms in successive years Caused by airborne pollens or fungus spores associated with that season Perennial allergic rhinitis Occurs year-round if continually exposed to allergens

14. Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) (cont.) • S&S • Postnasal drainage leads to chronic sore throat and bronchial infection • Take a complete history • Management • Limiting exposure to allergen • Suppressive medication to alleviate symptoms

15. Bronchitis Inflammation of mucosal lining of tracheobronchial tree Acute Commonly seen in physically active individuals Involves bronchial swelling, mucus secretion, and increased resistance to expiration S&S Coughing Wheezing Large amounts of purulent mucus

16. Bronchitis (cont.) Chronic bronchitis Can progress to serious illness S&S Marked cyanosis Edema Large production of sputum Abnormally high levels of CO2 and low levels of O2

17. Bronchitis (cont.) • Management • Viral—no specific therapy available • Bacterial—treated more effectively with macrolides • Chronic—medical supervision to control symptoms and prevent systemic failure

18. Bronchial Asthma Caused by: Constriction of smooth bronchial muscles Increased bronchial secretions Mucosal swelling Leads to inadequate airflow during respiration (especially expiration)

19. Bronchial Asthma (cont.) S&S Wheezing Rapid fatigue Acute attack Thick yellow/green sputum Anxiety Sweating Rapid heart rate Cyanosis, ↓ LOC in severe cases

20. Bronchial Asthma (cont.) • Management • Seek medical help if no medications have been prescribed • Administer prescribed medications

21. Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm Various factors can contribute to severity; ↑ riskwithallergies, sinus disease, hyperventilation Key—amount of ventilation and temperature of inspired air ↑ ventilations in cold, dry, air → ↑ EIB risk ↑ strenuous exercise → ↑ ventilations Use of peak flowmeter Normal: up to a 10% ↓ in FEV1 after exercise Mild EIB: ↓ 10%–20% Moderate to severe EIB: ↓ 20%–40% Severe EIB: >40%

22. Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm (cont.) S&S Chest pain and tightness Regular dry cough SOB after or during exercise Symptoms appear after 8–10 minutes of activity and may worsen after activity stops Refractory period

23. Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm (cont.) • Management • Prescribed medications • Use of inhaler • Proper warm-up and cool-down

24. Influenza Viral bronchitis caused by Haemophilusinfluenzae type A, B, or C Often epidemics—immunization available S&S ↑ temperature Chills Malaise Headache General muscle aches Hacking cough Inflamed mucous membranes Rapid onset within 24–48 hours of exposure

25. Influenza (cont.) • Management • Rest and fluids • Cough medications and analgesics for pain and fever • Referral—fever does not reduce within 24 hours or fever >103°F

26. Pneumonia Inflammation and infection of lungs Caused by bacteria, viruses, mycoplasmas, and other infectious agents S&S (can vary with type of organism causing infection) Bacterial pneumonia Often follows URI Symptoms appear suddenly Shaking, chills, a high fever, sweating Chest pain (pleurisy) Cough that produces thick, rust-colored, greenish or yellow phlegm

27. Pneumonia (cont.) Viral pneumonia Starts with a dry (nonproductive) cough, headache, fever, muscle, and fatigue Progression—may become breathless and develop cough that produces phlegm Risk of developing a secondary bacterial pneumonia as well Management Bacterial pneumonia—antibiotics Viral—rest and fluids; antibiotics are not effective