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Section 2.3 Product & Quotient Rules and Higher-Order Derivatives

Unit 2 – Differentiation. Section 2.3 Product & Quotient Rules and Higher-Order Derivatives. Objectives: Find the derivative of a function using the Product Rule. Find the derivative of a function using the Quotient Rule. Find the derivative of a trigonometric function.

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Section 2.3 Product & Quotient Rules and Higher-Order Derivatives

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  1. Unit 2 – Differentiation Section 2.3Product & Quotient Rules and Higher-Order Derivatives Objectives: Find the derivative of a function using the Product Rule. Find the derivative of a function using the Quotient Rule. Find the derivative of a trigonometric function. Find a higher-order derivative of a function.

  2. The product of two differentiable functions and is itself differentiable. Moreover, the derivative of is the derivative of the first function times the second, plus the first times the derivative of the second function. • This can be extended to more functions as so: Theorem 2.7The Product Rule

  3. Find the derivative of the following: Example 1

  4. Find the following derivative: Since the two function pieces were polynomials, we can also find the derivative without using the product rule. Example 1 continued…

  5. Find the derivative of the following : Example 2

  6. Find the derivative of the following : Difference Rule Product Rule Constant Multiple Rule Here it is necessary to use the several rules together. This answer can be represented multiple ways, & when compared to an answer (like from the back of the book), it could be given differently. Example 3

  7. Alternative way to write the answer: Factor GCF of Example 3 continued…

  8. The quotient of two differentiable functions and is itself differentiable at all values of for which . Moreover, the derivative of is given by the derivative of the numerator times the denominator minus the numerator times the derivative of the denominator, all divided by the square of the denominator. Theorem 2.8The Quotient Rule

  9. Find the derivative of the following: Example 4

  10. Find an equation of the tangent line to the graph of at . Example 5

  11. Find an equation of the tangent line to the graph of at . Alternatively, the function is multiplied by which clears the fraction on top. Example 5 continued…

  12. Find an equation of the tangent line to the graph of at . So, is the equation of the line tangent to the function at . Example 5 continued…

  13. Find the derivative of the following using both the Quotient Rule & the Constant Multiple Rule: First with the Quotient Rule. Example 6

  14. Find the derivative of the following using both the Quotient Rule & the Constant Multiple Rule: Now with the Constant Multiple Rule. Example 6 continued…

  15. To aid in memorizing these, remember the derivatives of the cofunctions (cosine, cotangent, and cosecant) all require negatives in front. Theorem 2.9Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

  16. Prove the trigonometric derivatives using the Quotient Rule. It will always be to your advantage to memorize these rules for speed and ease in working problems. However, it is important to remember that even though you may forget a rule, they can easily be derived using the Quotient Rule & a few trigonometric identities. ) Example 7

  17. Prove the trigonometric derivatives using the Quotient Rule. The proofs of the other two derivatives are similar. Example 7 continued…

  18. Find the derivatives of the following: Example 8

  19. Differentiate both forms of the following: Example 9

  20. Differentiate both forms of the following: Now to differentiate it in its other form: Example 9 continued…

  21. In section 2.2 we discussed the position function, We also discussed the derivative of this function, which is the velocity function. Now, the velocity function, just like any other function has a derivative as well, and this is called the acceleration function, denoted by . Position function Velocity function Acceleration function Higher-Order Derivatives

  22. The acceleration function is called the second derivative of the position function and is an exampled of a higher-order derivative. Below are how higher-order derivatives are denoted: Higher-Order Derivatives

  23. Because the moon has no atmosphere, a falling object on the moon encounters no air resistance. In 1971, astronaut David Scott demonstrated that a feather and a hammer fall at the same rate on the moon. The position function for each of these falling objects is given by where is the height in meters and is the time in seconds. What is the ratio of Earth’s gravitational force to the moon’s? Moon: Earth: Example 10

  24. Once again, one of the ways the AP exam will test the concept of a derivative rather than just your memorization of rules will be in how it asks you to interpret derivatives from a graph. The following example will illustrate one way on how this is achieved. Interpreting a Derivative from a Graph

  25. The graphs of functions and are shown below. If and find the following: Example 11

  26. The graphs of functions and are shown below. If and find the following: A. and B. require no more than finding the slopes of the functions at & as that is what the derivative means. Example 11 continued…

  27. The graphs of functions and are shown below. If and find the following: C. and D. are much trickier. At first glance one might think to find C. you would multiply the slopes of & at , and similarly, divide them for D. at Unfortunately, this would not be right. Example 11 continued…

  28. The graphs of functions and are shown below. If and find the following: For C. we will first differentiate the function as defined above using the Product Rule: This gives us a formula to use. Example 11 continued…

  29. The graphs of functions and are shown below. If and find the following: Now for , is the slope of , is the y-value of , is the y-value of , and is the slope of . Example 11 continued…

  30. The graphs of functions and are shown below. If and find the following: For D. we will differentiate the function as defined above using the Quotient Rule: Example 11 continued…

  31. The graphs of functions and are shown below. If and find the following: Example 11 continued…

  32. If and , which is closest to • 0.016 • 1.0 • 5.0 • 8.0 • 32.0 Here is an example of a particular multiple choice AP test question. This question would be on the non-calculator portion of the test. What it really wants us to find is an approximation using the average rate of change (the slope of the secant line). Example 12A

  33. A differentiable function has the values shown. Estimate Again we want to find just the average rate of change, but we will find it between the x-values of 1.4 and 1.6. Example 12B

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