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The overall equation for the cellular respiration of glucose is  

The overall equation for the cellular respiration of glucose is  . A) C 5 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 → 5 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + energy.   B) 5 CO2 + 6 H 2 O → C 5 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 + energy.   C) C 6 H 12 O 12 + 3 O 2 → 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + energy.  

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The overall equation for the cellular respiration of glucose is  

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  1. The overall equation for the cellular respiration of glucose is   A) C5H12O6 + 6 O2 → 5 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy.   B) 5 CO2 + 6 H2O → C5H12O6 + 6 O2 + energy.   C) C6H12O12 + 3 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy.   D) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6H22O + energy.   E) None of the choices are correct.  

  2. Photosynthesis

  3. Review • Describe the environment inside different areas in the mitochondria. • What is the purpose of the electron transport chain? • What is the purpose of the Krebs cycle?

  4. Photosynthesis is the process on which nearly all life depends

  5. Photosynthesis is the opposite of respiration

  6. Photosynthesis completes the carbon cycle

  7. Photosynthesis counteracts the greenhouse effect

  8. C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) 6CO2(g)+ 6H2O(l) + energy This is a combustion reaction Combustion is a kind of redox reaction Energy in presence of oxygen: ~38 ATP Aerobic respiration of glucose is the most basic means for cells to acquire energy

  9. 6CO2(g)+ 6H2O(l) + energy  C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g)carb. Diox.+H2O+ sunlight glucose+oxygen… This is still a redox reaction What is oxidized? What is reduced? Photosynthesis can be thought of as the opposite of respiration

  10. Figure 7.4A

  11. The site of photosynthesis is the chloroplast, which occurs in plant cells Chloroplasts have their own DNA, and a double bilayer system as do mitochondria Photosynthesis is the manufacture of food using energy from the sun

  12. Photosynthesis has a few similarities with respiration • Metabolic cycles • Redox molecules (NADP+ instead of NAD+ and FAD) • ATP generation • Specialized organelles (chloroplasts instead of mitochondria)

  13. Double bilayer Grana made of Thylakoid membranes Stroma is the liquid in which the grana sit Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts in two stages- light reactions and dark Chloroplast structure

  14. Leaf cross section Vein Mesophyll Stomata O2 CO2 LE 10-3 Mesophyll cell Chloroplast 5 µm Outer membrane Thylakoid Intermembrane space Thylakoid space Stroma Granum Innermembrane 1 µm

  15. Where does the oxygen come from, H2O or CO2? 6CO2(g)+ 6H2O(l) + hν C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g)

  16. There are 2 major stages of photosynthesis • Light-dependent reactions (“Light reactions”) • Light-independent reactions (“Dark reactions”)

  17. Light and Dark reactions • Light-dependent reactions • Water is split • ATP is formed • O2 is evolved • Light-independent reactions • Carbon is fixed • Electrons and ATP are consumed • Glucose precursor (G3P) is formed

  18. H2O LE 10-5_1 Light LIGHT REACTIONS Chloroplast

  19. H2O LE 10-5_2 Light LIGHT REACTIONS ATP NADPH Chloroplast O2

  20. H2O CO2 LE 10-5_3 Light NADP+ ADP + P i CALVIN CYCLE LIGHT REACTIONS ATP NADPH Chloroplast [CH2O] (sugar) O2

  21. Some details about light: Visible light is a small subset of the electro-magnetic spectrum 400-700nm Short wavelengths~ higher energy Light-dependent reactions depend on light (duh)

  22. Light can excite electrons in atoms

  23. There are other light absorbing pigments Chlorophyll a and b exist Its absorption spectrum can be measured in vitro We measure light absorbance with a spectrophotometer Chlorophyll is a light-absorbing pigment

  24. Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b LE 10-9a Carotenoids Absorption of light by chloroplast pigments 400 700 500 600 Wavelength of light (nm) Absorption spectra- will these be the same in vivo?

  25. Refracting prism White light Photoelectric tube Chlorophyll solution Galvanometer LE 10-8a 0 100 The high transmittance (low absorption) reading indicates that chlorophyll absorbs very little green light. Green light Slit moves to pass light of selected wavelength

  26. White light Chlorophyll solution Photoelectric tube Refracting prism LE 10-8b 0 100 The low transmittance (high absorption) reading indicates that chlorophyll absorbs most blue light. Slit moves to pass light of selected wavelength Blue light

  27. Chlorophyll is a fluorescent molecule • It absorbs blue • It re-emits red • (It can also absorb red…)

  28. Other pigments absorb different wavelengths Different pigments can cooperate to transfer energy

  29. Leaves are nature’s solar panels

  30. The light reactions Consisting of two photosystems, an electron transport chain, and ATP synthase

  31. Photosystems • There are two photosystems: • Photosystem II • Photosystem I A photosystem is… -A special chlorophyll molecule (p680/p700) -Other pigments -In a protein bundle, in the thylakoid membrane

  32. There are two types of photosystems in the thylakoid membrane • Photosystem II functions first (the numbers reflect order of discovery) and is best at absorbing a wavelength of 680 nm • Photosystem I is best at absorbing a wavelength of 700 nm • The two photosystems work together to use light energy to generate ATP and NADPH

  33. Thylakoid Photosystem STROMA Photon Light-harvesting complexes Reaction center Primary electron acceptor Accessory pigments can be assembled with proteins into a membrane-bound photosystem At the center there is a reaction center Accessory pigments are a “photon transfer chain” (Resonance Energy Transfer) LE 10-12 e– Thylakoid membrane Special chlorophyll a molecules Pigment molecules Transfer of energy THYLAKOID SPACE (INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID)

  34. H2O CO2 Light NADP+ ADP CALVIN CYCLE LIGHT REACTIONS ATP NADPH O2 [CH2O] (sugar) LE 10-13_1 Primary acceptor e– Energy of electrons Light P680 Photosystem II (PS II)

  35. H2O CO2 Light NADP+ ADP CALVIN CYCLE LIGHT REACTIONS ATP NADPH Photosystem II splits water Water is oxidized 2H2O  4H+ +O2 O2 [CH2O] (sugar) LE 10-13_2 Primary acceptor e– H2O 2 H+ + O2 1/2 e– e– Energy of electrons Light P680 Photosystem II (PS II)

  36. H2O CO2 Light NADP+ ADP CALVIN CYCLE LIGHT REACTIONS Photo- system II takes electrons from water and hands them to the e- transport chain ATP NADPH O2 [CH2O] (sugar) LE 10-13_3 Primary acceptor Electron transport chain Pq e– H2O Cytochrome complex 2 H+ + O2 1/2 Pc e– e– Energy of electrons Light P680 ATP Photosystem II (PS II)

  37. The electron transport chain makes a proton gradient..

  38. ATP synthase uses the proton gradient to make ATP

  39. Photosystem 1 hands e-’s to NADP+ to make NADPH…

  40. H2O CO2 Light NADP+ ADP CALVIN CYCLE LIGHT REACTIONS ATP NADPH O2 [CH2O] (sugar) LE 10-13_4 Primary acceptor Primary acceptor Electron transport chain e– Pq e– H2O Cytochrome complex 2 H+ + O2 1/2 Pc e– P700 e– Energy of electrons Light P680 Light ATP Photosystem I (PS I) Photosystem II (PS II)

  41. H2O CO2 Light NADP+ ADP CALVIN CYCLE LIGHT REACTIONS ATP NADPH Electron Transport chain LE 10-13_5 O2 [CH2O] (sugar) Primary acceptor Primary acceptor Electron transport chain Fd e– Pq e– e– e– NADP+ H2O Cytochrome complex 2 H+ + 2 H+ NADP+ reductase + NADPH O2 1/2 Pc e– + H+ P700 Energy of electrons e– Light P680 Light ATP Photosystem I (PS I) Photosystem II (PS II)

  42. …and the NADPH is used to turn CO2 into Glucose

  43. e– ATP e– e– LE 10-14 NADPH e– e– e– Mill makes ATP Photon e– Photon Photosystem II Photosystem I

  44. A Comparison of Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria • Chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP by chemiosmosis, but use different sources of energy • Mitochondria transfer chemical energy from food to ATP; chloroplasts transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP • The spatial organization of chemiosmosis differs in chloroplasts and mitochondria

  45. Mitochondrion Chloroplast LE 10-16 CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE MITOCHONDRION STRUCTURE Diffusion H+ Thylakoid space Intermembrane space Electron transport chain Membrane ATP synthase Key Stroma Matrix Higher [H+] Lower [H+] ADP + P i ATP H+

  46. H2O CO2 Light NADP+ ADP CALVIN CYCLE LIGHT REACTIONS ATP NADPH O2 [CH2O] (sugar) STROMA (Low H+ concentration) LE 10-17 Cytochrome complex Photosystem I Photosystem II Light NADP+ reductase Light 2 H+ NADP+ + 2H+ Fd NADPH + H+ Pq Pc H2O O2 1/2 THYLAKOID SPACE (High H+ concentration) 2 H+ +2 H+ To Calvin cycle Thylakoid membrane ATP synthase STROMA (Low H+ concentration) ADP + ATP P i H+

  47. The Calvin Cycle or, The Citric Acid cycle backward: ATP and electron carriers are used to reduce CO2 to glucose

  48. The Calvin cycle requires three ingredients: • Carbon dioxide (catalyzed by rubisco) • ATP • Electrons

  49. AKA Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase Oxidase The carbon fixing enzyme The most common enzyme on the planet Adds 3CO2’s to 3 RuBP’s at a time RubisCO grabs CO2 from the air

  50. H2O CO2 Input Light (Entering one at a time) 3 NADP+ LE 10-18_1 CO2 ADP CALVIN CYCLE LIGHT REACTIONS ATP Phase 1: Carbon fixation NADPH Rubisco O2 [CH2O] (sugar) 3 P P Short-lived intermediate P 6 3 P P 3-Phosphoglycerate Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) 6 ATP 6 ADP CALVIN CYCLE Step 1: Carbon Fixation

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