1. Siddhartha : answer all 3 questions thoroughly.

1. 1. Siddhartha: answer all 3 questions thoroughly. • 2. Chandra Gupta: answer all 3 questions thoroughly. • 3. Silk Road Packet: 2 grades: • 1. answer all of the questions in the packet for a large chunk of the next binder grade (Wednesday or Thursday of next week). • ****2. Create a travel journey/ scrapbook based on the information in the packet. It instructs you how to construct the entries. Include some illustrations and details based on the documents. 100 pts.

2. Ch. 6 & Ch. 7 India & Southeast Asia

3. Group Presentations • Each group will research their topic and prepare a presentation about it. • The Presentation should be a minimum of 5 minutes, thoroughly cover the topic, and have everyone in the group present. • http://www.ancientindia.co.uk/ • Modern History Sourcebook – Indian

4. Group 1 • The Vedic Age • Be sure to answer the who, what, where, when, and why’s, including any terminology, or why it ended (if it did).

5. Group 2 • The Mauryan Empire • Be sure to answer the who, what, where, when, and why’s, including any terminology, or why it ended (if it did).

6. Group 3 • The Gupta Empire • Be sure to answer the who, what, where, when, and why’s, including any terminology, or why it ended (if it did).

7. Group 4 • The Kushan Empire • Be sure to answer the who, what, where, when, and why’s, including any terminology, or why it ended (if it did).

8. Group 5 • Hinduism • Be sure to answer the who, what, where, when, and why’s, including any terminology, or why it ended (if it did).

9. Group 6 • Buddhism • Be sure to answer the who, what, where, when, and why’s, including any terminology, or why it ended (if it did).

10. This is a class set – please return • 1. Read “The Seas of Sindbad”, pp. 20 – 25, 28-29 in the S.A. World. (Return at end of class, do not take) • 2. Take notes about the trading traditions as you read about them (I’ll be looking for the notes). • This article covers a period from the 4th century B.C.E. to circa 7th century C.E. and covers a wide geographical area. • Write: One full page detailing Indian Ocean Trade according to this article. Look for big events that define time periods, who was trading with whom and how, etc.

11. Example for Notes from article: • Countries/regions traded: • Culture spread: (language, religion, etc) • Items traded: (spice, silk, etc.) • Time Periods: 4th c. B.C.E., or 6th c. C.E.

12. India Vocabulary Exam

13. After exam: • 2004 DBQ Packets: • 1. Look through the DBQ Exam packet to familairize yourself with the format. • 2. Begin work on the analysis packet questions. • 3. We will discuss this in class tomorrow. • 4. You DO NOT WRITE THE ESSAY – it is very different from anything you’ve ever done………

14. Ancient India Mountains and ocean largely separate the Indian subcontinent from the rest of Asia. Migrations and invasions usually came through the Khyber Pass, in the northwest. Seaborne commerce with western Asia, southeast Asia, and East Asia often flourished. The diversity of the Indian landscape, the multiplicity of ethnic groups, and the primary identification of people with their class and caste lie behind the division into many small states that has characterized much of Indian political history.

15. The Harappan Civilization Indus River Valley Civilization 3300 BCE - 2400 BCE

16. Aerial View

17. Harappan Writing Undecipherable to date.

18. The first Indian civilization builds well-planned cities on the banks of the Indus River. Indian Subcontinent landmass that includes India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh World’s tallest mountain ranges separate it from rest of Asia Indus and Ganges rivers form flat, fertile plain. Seasonal winds—monsoons—dominate India’s climate Winter winds are dry; summer winds bring rain can cause flooding Environmental Challenges Floods along the Indus unpredictable; river can change course Rainfall unpredictable; could have droughts or floods

19. Indian Ocean maritime system linked the lands bordering the Indian Ocean Basin and the South China Sea. Trade took place in three distinct regions: (1) South China Sea, dominated by Chinese and Malays; (2) Southeast Asia to the east coast of India, dominated by Malays and Indians; and (3) west coast of India to the Persian Gulf and East Africa, dominated by Persians and Arabs. 2. Trade in the Indian Ocean was made possible by and followed the patterns of the seasonal changes in the monsoon winds. 3. Sailing technology unique to the Indian Ocean system included the lateen sail and a shipbuilding technique that involved piercing the planks, tying them together, and caulking them. 4. Because the distances traveled were longer than in the Mediterranean, traders in the Indian Ocean system seldom retained political ties to their homelands, and war between the various lands participating in the trade was rare. The Indian Ocean Maritime System

20. What little we know about trade in the Indian Ocean system before Islam is learned largely from a single first century c.e. Greco-Egyptian text, The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea. The account describes a trading system that must have been well established and flourishing when the account was written. The goods traded included a wide variety of spices, aromatic resins, pearls, Chinese pottery, and other luxury goods. The volume of trade was probably not as high as in the Mediterranean. 2. The culture of the Indian Ocean ports was often isolated from that of their hinterlands. In the western part of the Indian Ocean, trading ports did not have access to large inland populations of potential consumers. Even in those eastern Indian and Malay peninsula ports that did have access to large inland populations, the civilizations did not become oriented toward the sea. 3. Traders and sailors in the Indian Ocean system often married local women in the ports that they frequented. These women thus became mediators between cultures. The Impact of Indian Ocean Trade

21. Asian Trade and Communication Routes The overland Silk Road was vulnerable to political disruption, but was much shorter than the maritime route from the South China Sea to the Red Sea, and ships were more expensive than pack animals. Moreover, China's political centers were in the north. Historians remain puzzled by the lack of Buddhist expansion westward from Afghanistan.

22. Extensive Trade:4c spices silks cotton goods spices rice & wheat horses gold & ivory gold & ivory cotton goods

23. The Silk Road was a trade route linking the lands of the Mediterranean with China by way of Mesopotamia, Iran, and Central Asia. Silk Road caravans often traveled during the winter to avoid temperatures that added to the hardship of humans and animals. These two-humped camels, in a caravan crossing the Pamir Mountains, have heavy coats of wool that they shed in the spring. The ratio of one camel-puller for every two or three camels indicates how much human labor, exclusive of merchants, pilgrims, and other passengers, was involved in Silk Road trading. Caravan crossing Pamir Mountains

24. Monument to an Early Turk The Turks originated in the northern part of what is now Mongolia. The flat expanses of the steppes, shown here in present-day Tuva, in Asiatic Southern Russia, suited the Turks and their herds. Steppe geography allowed constant communication between eastern Iran and western China. This monument to an unknown Turkic leader, probably of the late 500s, looks out over lands similar to those through which the Silk Road passed.

25. Musicians playing Iranian instruments As trade became a more important part of Central Asian life, the Iranian-speaking peoples settled increasingly in trading cities and surrounding farm villages. This three-color glazed pottery figurine is one of hundreds of artifacts of Silk Road camels and horses found in northern Chinese tombs from the sixth to ninth centuries. The musicians playing Iranian instruments testify to the migration of Iranian culture across the Silk Road. At the same time, dishes decorated by the Chinese three-color glaze technique were in vogue in northern Iran.

26. Africa and the Trans-Saharan Trade Routes The Sahara and the surrounding oceans isolated most of Africa from foreign contact before 1000 C.E. The Nile Valley, a few trading points on the east coast, and limited transdesert trade provided exceptions to this rule; but the dominant forms of sub-Saharan African culture originated far to the west, north of the Gulf of Guinea.

27. The Vedic Age (1500 – 500 B.C.E.) 1. After the demise of the Indus Valley civilization, Indo-European warriors migrated into India. Organized in patriarchal families, herded cattle in the northwest. After 1000 b.c.e., some of them began to push into the Ganges Valley, using new iron tools to fell trees and cultivate the land. The oral tradition of these light-skinned Arya tribes tells of a violent struggle between themselves and the darker-skinned Dravidian-speaking Dasas 2. The struggle between Aryas and Dasas led to the system of varna, meaning “color” but equivalent to “class.” People were born into one of four varna: (1) Brahmin (priests/scholars), (2) Kshatriya (warriors), (3) Vaishya (merchants), and (4) Shudra (peasant/laborer). Fifth group, Untouchables, was outside the system and consisted of persons who did demeaning or ritually polluting work such as work that involved contact with the dead bodies of animals or humans.

28. Varna (Social Hierarchy) Brahmins karma Kshatriyas Vaishyas Shudras Pariahs [Harijan]  Untouchables

29. Challenges to the Old Order (Vedic period ): Jainism and Buddhism 1. Due to the rigid social hierarchy and the religious monopoly of the Brahmins people withdraw into the forests, where they pursued salvation through yoga, special diets, or meditation. Their goal was to achieve moksha—liberation from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. 2. Jainism was founded by Mahavira (540–468 b.c.e.). Jains practiced nonviolence and went to extremes in their attempts not to kill any living thing. The most extreme went naked and starved themselves to death. The less extreme devoted themselves to commerce and banking—occupations that, unlike agriculture, do not require one to kill.

30. Buddhism

31. Siddhartha Gautama(563-483 BCE) • Born in NE India (Nepal). • Raised in great luxuryto be a king. • At 29 he rejectedhis luxurious life toseek enlightenmentand the source ofsuffering. • Lived a strict,ascetic life for 6 yrs. • Rejecting this extreme, sat in meditation, and found nirvana. • Became “The Enlightened One,” at 35.

32. The essence of Buddhism • The “middle way of wisdom and compassion.” • 2,500 year old tradition. • The 3 jewels of Buddhism: • Buddha, the teacher. • Dharma, the teachings. • Sangha, the community.

33. What is the fundamental cause of all suffering? Desire! • Therefore, extinguish the self, don’t obsess about oneself.

34. Four Noble Truths • There is suffering in the world. To live is to suffer. (Dukkha) • The Buddha found this out when he was young and experienced suffering and death in others.

35. Four Noble Truths The cause of suffering is self-centered desire and attachments. (Tanha) The solution is to eliminate desire and attachments. (Nirvana = “extinction”)

36. Four Noble Truths To reach nirvana, one must follow the Eightfold Path.

37. Eightfold Path Nirvana • The union with the ultimate spiritual reality. • Escape from the cycle of rebirth.

38. Religions of South Asia

39. Buddhism in the Subcontinent

40. Theravada Buddhism

41. Vishnu Asleep Vishnu Asleep In this stone relief from a temple at Deogarh, in central India, Vishnu reclines on the coiled body of a giant multiheaded serpent that he subdued. The beneficent god of preservation, Vishnu appears in a new incarnation whenever demonic forces threaten the world. The Indian view of the vastness of time is embodied in this mythic image, which conceives of Vishnu as creating and destroying universes as he exhales and inhales.

42. Maurya & Gupta India

43. Chandragupta: 321 BCE-298 BCE • Unified northern India. • Defeated the Persian general Seleucus. • Divided his empire into provinces, then districts for tax assessments and law enforcement. • He feared assassination [like Saddam Hussein]  food tasters, slept in different rooms, etc. • 301 BCE  gave up his throne & became a Jain.

44. The Maurya Empire 321 BCE – 185 BCE

45. Kautilya • Chandragupta’s advisor. • Brahmin caste. • Wrote The Treatise on Material Gain or theArthashastra. • A guide for the king and his ministers: • Supports royal power. • The great evil in society is anarchy. • Therefore, a single authority is needed to employ force when necessary!

46. Asoka (304 – 232 BCE) • Religious conversion after the gruesome battle of Kalinga in 262 BCE. • Dedicated his life to Buddhism. • Built extensive roads. • Conflict how to balance Kautilya’s methods of keeping power and Buddha’s demands to become a selfless person?

47. Asoka’s law code • Edicts scattered in more than 30 places in India, Nepal, Pakistan, & Afghanistan. • Written mostly in Sanskrit, but one was in Greek and Aramaic. • 10 rock edicts. • Each pillar [stupa] is 40’-50’ high. • Buddhist principles dominate his laws.

48. Asoka’s Empire

49. Turmoil & a power Vacuum:220 BCE – 320 CE Tamils The Maurya Empire is divided into many kingdoms.

50. Gupta Empire:320 CE – 647 CE