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Ecology

This guide explores the fundamentals of ecology, focusing on the interactions between biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) factors within ecosystems. Key concepts include the biosphere, trophic relationships, and energy transfer through the rule of 10. It highlights various feeding relationships involving autotrophs, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and decomposers. Additionally, it introduces essential ecological cycles like the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles, emphasizing their processes and significance in sustaining life on Earth.

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Ecology

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  1. Ecology Study of interactions between organisms and their environments.

  2. Biotic Factors • Biosphere – life-supporting layer of Earth • Biotic factors – all living organisms in a biosphere

  3. Abiotic Factors • Nonliving factors in an environment • Examples: • Air currents • Temperature • Moisture • Light • Soil

  4. Organization of Life Biosphere Ecosystems Communities Populations Organisms

  5. Feeding Relationships • Autotrophs • Heterotrophs • Carnivores • Omnivores • Herbivores • Decomposers

  6. Trophic Relationships • Autotrophs • 1st level consumers (herbivores) • 2nd level consumers • 3rd level consumers • 4th level consumers (top predators)

  7. RULE OF 10 • Only 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next. • Example: • It takes 100 kgs of plant materials (producers) to support 10 kgs of herbivores • It takes 10 kgs of herbivores to support 1 kg of 1st level predator

  8. Symbiosis – “living together”

  9. Water cycle • Evaporation • Transpiration • Precipitation • Runoff • Groundwater

  10. Carbon cycle • Combustion • Photosynthesis • Respiration • Decomposition • Fossil fuels

  11. Nitrogen cycle • Atmospheric nitrogen • Runoff • Fertilizers • Decomposition • Nitrogen fixing • Synthesis of amino acids

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