1. THORACIC LIMB • Joy • Daniel • Mina • Alyaa • Farhana • Afina • Tira • Murshidah • Cid • Fika

2. BONES OF THORACIC LIMB

3. SCAPULA OF GOAT MEDIAL VIEW LATERAL VIEW

4. LATERAL VIEW SCAPULAR CARTILAGE DORSAL BORDER CRANIAL BORDER SCAPULAR TUBER CAUDAL ANGLE SUPRASPINOUS FOSSA INFRASPINOUS FOSSA CRANIAL BORDER CAUDAL BORDER SCAPULAR SPINE ACROMION SUPRAGLENOID TUBERCLE VENTRAL ANGLE GLENOID CAVITY

5. MEDIAL VIEW SCAPULAR CARTILAGE CRANIAL ANGLE SERRATED SURFACE CAUDAL ANGLE SUBSCAPULAR FOSSA CRANIAL BORDER CAUDAL BORER SCAPULAR NOTCH NECK OF SCAPULA VENTRAL ANGLE SUPRAGLENOID TUBERCLE

6. HUMERUS BONE MEDIAL VIEW LATERAL VIEW

7. MAJOR TUBERCLE (CAUDAL) MAJOR TUBERCLE (CRANIAL) NECK OF HUMERUS TERES MINOR TUBEROSITY BODY OF HUMERUS RADIAL FOSSA HUMERAL CONDYLE LATERAL EPICONDYLE CRANIAL VIEW

8. MAJOR TUBERCLE HEAD OF HUMERUS DELTOID TUBEROSITY NECK OF HUMERUS BODY OF HUMERUS RADIAL FOSSA LATERAL SUPRACONDYLAR CREST LATERAL EPICONDYLE LATERAL VIEW

9. MEDIAL VIEW

10. ULNA -IS PLACED CAUDAL TO THE RADIUS RADIUS-IS A ROD-SHAPED BONE

11. CARPAL BONE CARPAL BONE ARE ARRANGED IN TWO ROWS: CARPAL BONE PRESENT DIFFERENCES IN THE DIFFERENT SPECIES:~ HUMAN AND PIG- 8 CARPAL BONE~ HORSE HAS 7 OR 8 CARPAL BONES, DEPEND ON THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF THE FIRST CARPAL BONE~ CARNIVORES- RADIAL AND INTERMEDIATE CARPAL BONES ARE FUSED, SO THE TOTAL NUMBERS OF CARPAL BONES IS REDUCED TO 7~ RUMINANTS HAVE 6 CARPAL BONES, THE FIRST CARPAL BONES IS MISSING AND THE SECOND ANDTHIRD CARPAL BONES ARE FUSED TOGETHER.

12. Metacarpals

13. Digital bones

18. Thoracic Limb - Muscles

19. Definitions Origin : The point at which something comes into existence or from which it derives or is derived. Insertion : The act of putting one thing into another Function or Action : The way in which something works or moves.

20. Origin: Outer surface of front portion of scapula and adjacent cartilage Insertion: Inner and outer front corners of top of humerus Function: Extends the shoulder joint to advance the limb.

21. Origin : Outer surface of rear portion of scapula and adjacent cartilage. Insertion: Outer side of top of humerus. Function: Pulls the limb away from body; rotates arm outward

22. Deltoideus Origin: 1)Acromial portion: Acromion and along the spine for a short distance. 2)Scapular portion: Spine of the scapula and partly into the rear edge of the bony scapula. Insertion: One third of the way down on the outside of the humerus. The scapular portion also inserts onto the surface of the lateral head of the triceps. Function: Flexes shoulder joint, pulling away the limb from the body

23. Origin: Upper third of the rear surface of humerus Insertion: Inner side of radius to the top, slightly below and to the inside of the biceps muscle Function: Flexes the elbow joint

24. Origin: Bony prominence on the front of the lower end of the scapula. Insertion: 1. Inner front corner of the top of the radius. 2. Ligament on the inside of the elbow. 3. By a special long tendinous extension, into the tendon of the extensor carpi radialis muscle (and therefore indirectly into the front of the metacarpal bone). Action: Flexes the elbow joint; extends the shoulder joint (and locks the shoulder in place when the animal is in the standing position).

25. Origin: Long head: Most or all of the rear border of the scapula. Lateral head: Curved ridge on upper outer surface of the humerus. Insertion: Side and top of the olecranon of the humerus (point of the elbow). Action: Long head: Both extends the elbow joint and flexes the shoulder joint. Lateral head: Extends the elbow joint only.

26. Origin: Lower third of humerus Insertion: A line of outer surface of the end of the ulna. Function: Extends the elbow joint.

27. Origin: Bony ridge on the outside lower third of humerus Insertion: Top of front space of metacarpal bone Function: Extends and locks the wrist joint, flexes the elbow joint.

28. Origin: From lower end of the humerus. Insertion: Upper edge of the front of the two lower toe bones of outer digits. Functions: Extends all outer toe joints, flexes the elbow joint.

29. Ulnarislateralis Origin: Outer surface of lower end of humerus, behind the elbow joint ligament. Insertion: Top of the outer surface of the single metacarpal bone. Function: Flexes the wrist joint ; extends the elbow joint

30. Extensor Carpi Obliquus Origin : lower half of the outer surface of the radius and an adjacent area on the ulna. Insertion : inner side of the upper end of the metacarpal bone. Action : extends the carpal joint.

31. Origin : lower end of the inner surface of the humerus. Insertion : upper inner corner of the metacarpal bone. Action : flexes the wrist joint ; extends the elbow joint.

32. Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Origin : lower end of the inside surface of the humerus ; inner surface, towards the rear , of the upper end of the ulna. Insertion : upper edge end of the ulna Action: flexes the wrist joint ; extends the elbow joint.

33. Shoulder or humeral joint (articulatiohumeri ) JOINTS OF THE THORACIC LIMB

35. *** the shoulder joint links the considerably smaller glenoid cavity of the scapulato the larger humeral head . **** • The shoulder joint is a typical SPHEROIDAL JOINT in structure & theoretically have a versatility of movement. • Its actual range of movement is limited by the surrounding muscles. • It therefore functions as a HINGE JOINT with the primary movements being flexion & extension. • Rotation, adduction, & abduction are restricted , but possible especially in carnivores ,in which abduction of 60° ,pronation of 35° & supination of 45° is possible. (eg : in the horse , lateral n medial movements are almost impossible due to the cylindrical shape of the humeral head.)

39. JOINT OF THORACIC LIMB-ELBOW JOINT

40. ELBOW JOINT • JOINT IS A POINT OF ARTICULATION BETWEEN 2 OR MORE BONES,ESPECIALLY SUCH A CONNECTION THAT ALLOW MOVEMENT. • HUMERUS,RADIUS AND ULNA JOIN TO FORM THE ELBOW JOINT. • LIGAMENT ARE PRESENT IN THE ELBOW JOINT.

45. Antebrachiocarpal joint • Consist of radiocarpal joint and ulnacarpal joint • Horse hinge • Carnivorse ellipsoidal • Ruminants cochlear

46. Middle carpal joints • Hinge joint • Formed between proximal and distal carpal bones • Middle carpal joints • Firm articulation • Have very limited range of movement

47. Carpometacarpal joints • Between distal carpal bones and metacarpal bones (plane joints) • LIGAMENTS: • Long lateral and medial collateral ligaments • Short ligament (joining neighbouring bones of the same row or adjacent rows)

48. Long lateral collateral ligament • Connect to the lateral metacarpal bone • Has 2 deep branches : ulnar carpal bone and fourth carpal bone • Long medial colllateral ligament • Medial styloid process of the radius and the proximal extremity of the medial metacarpal

49. Short ligament • Vertical • Horizontal • short