By: Sarah Ake and Elizabeth Jubert

1. Wilderness TherapyAlso Known As: Adventure Therapy, Wilderness Adventure Therapy, Outdoor Behavioral Therapy, Outdoor Education and Experiential Learning By: Sarah Ake and Elizabeth Jubert

2. What is Wilderness Therapy? Utilizing outdoor challenges as a means for therapeutic change, often in group settings. Adolescents learn group dynamics, wilderness skills, and outdoor living. To build trust and self confidence in others and oneself using group outdoor activities. Includes group activities as well as solo self-reflective activities.

3. Examples of Wilderness Therapy Catherine Freer Wilderness Therapy Program is designed to help “out-of control” adolescents enable positive change. They incorporate three models of wilderness therapy; a wilderness expedition, a school combining academics and wilderness therapy, and a transitional home. Catherine Freer Video There are multiple exercises that are utilized in wilderness therapy involving the establishment of trust and cooperation. Here is one example! The University of New Hampshire has an Outdoor Education program. UNH Outdoor Education Website

4. Why do Adolescents Attend Wilderness Therapy? • Eating Disorders • Substance Abuse • Drug Abuse • Behavioral Disorders • Juvenile Delinquency • Sexual Behavior Problems

5. Benefits and Effectiveness of Wilderness Therapy Gives the child the opportunity to experience successful coping Reduce the potential risk factors impacting the child Promote self-esteem and self-efficacy Introduces positive opportunities for change and growth in a child’s life Encourage positive processing of negative life events. Hopefulness replaces helplessness. A feeling of safety and security

6. Tips for Utilizing Wilderness Therapy • Do not go into this work with Expectations of Successful Outcomes: It’s okay to make mistakes and experience failures • “Warm up” Exercises are designed to help build comfort in doing this work • a. The Three T’s : Trust, Teamwork, Touch • Work in the Here-and-Now • The patient must have ultimate control; they can stop the exercise anytime • Don’t tell patients what to think, feel or do. Let them explore!

7. Ethical Dilemmas in Wilderness Therapy • The Use of Touch by Clinicians: More Hands on Contact with the Client than Traditional Therapeutic Setting • Confidentiality: Wilderness Programs must follow H.I.P.P.A which is difficult in group settings with multiple treatment plans. • Liabilities: Death and Injuries are more likely to happen in wilderness therapy.

8. Guidelines and Policies • Outdoor education teachers must pass State Board examinations and follow standard education practices. • Psychologists must be licensed and maintain ethical practices. • While a trip into the wilderness may be therapeutic it is different than wilderness therapy. Wilderness therapy has trained staff, licensed practitioners, and individualized treatment plans to guide clients special needs. Becker, 2009, p. 50

9. Policies Continued…Healthcare • Insurance Companies do not cover the costs of Wilderness Therapy. • It is estimated that a year in wilderness therapy can cost up to $100,000: Juvenile detention costs $48,000 in a year. • Therefore, only those with higher SES can afford treatment. • Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare Industry Council (OBHIC): a panel that searches for “best-practices” in wilderness therapy and meets required “ethical standards” .

10. Aftercare: Reducing Recidivism • Mentors and role models for guidance • Community resources : proximity to safe environments • Family involvement • Religious & Spiritual supports • Meaningful role in community • Access to recreational activities • Possible family therapy, psycho-educational groups, and parent sessions • Access to a school or learning community

11. Children in 2020 If Wilderness therapy becomes more readily available and insured to lower income families, then it may provide more relief to adolescents with a variety of problems. It will provide a more holistic way to achieving mental health. It may reach children who would not thrive in traditional therapies. More research will be available regarding the successes and efficacy of wilderness therapy. And therefore, best practice standards can be developed. More professionals will receive the appropriate trainings to provide these more holistic approaches to larger groups of children and adolescents.

12. References Becker, S. (2010). Wilderness therapy: Ethical considerations for mental health professionals. Child & Youth Care Forum, 39(1), 47-61. doi:10.1007/s10566-009-9085-7. Scott, D., & Duerson, L. (2010). Continuing the discussion: A commentary on “wilderness therapy: Ethical considerations for mental health professionals.". Child & Youth Care Forum, 39(1), 63-68. doi:10.1007/s10566-009-9090-x. Longo, R. (2004). Using experiential exercises in treating adolescents with sexual behavior problems. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 11(4), 249-263. doi:10.1080/10720160490900623. Ungar, M., Dumond, C., & McDonald, W. (2005). Risk, resilience and outdoor programmes for at-risk children. Journal of Social Work, 5(3), 319-338. doi:10.1177/1468017305058938.