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Spatial Dynamics of Air Quality in the Jiangsu Province of China 空气质量的时空动态江苏省. Emily Summers, MS Student Advisor: Dr. Chen Alabama A&M University at Nanjing Forestry University. City of Nanjing- June 10, 2012. Contents. Objective ( 目标 ) Background ( 历史 ) Methods ( 方法 ) Results ( 产物 )
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Spatial Dynamics of Air Quality in the Jiangsu Province of China空气质量的时空动态江苏省 Emily Summers, MS Student Advisor: Dr. Chen Alabama A&M University at Nanjing Forestry University City of Nanjing- June 10, 2012
Contents • Objective (目标) • Background (历史) • Methods (方法) • Results (产物 ) • Discussion (讨论)
Objective:目标 • To determine possible spatial differences in air quality within the Jiangsu province. • 空间分析 空气污染在江苏 • Basic understanding of how land use change may affect air quality. • 土地使用变化影响空气质量 • Access the ecological service forests provide to produce high air quality.
Air Quality 空气质量 PM2.5 air quality has begun to degrade worldwide to increasing pressures of urbanization, posing serious concerns and implications for health, climate, visibility, and hydrology (Gupta and Christopher 2007). Air pollution, if in high enough concentrations can directly or indirectly affect plants, animals, ecosystems, structures, human health, and regional climate (Monks et al. 2009).
Current Problems • Economic stimulus has lead to emergence of a number of mega cities since the 1990. • Megacity= city with a population of 10 million or more • This urbanization trend is likely to continue into the future • Air quality in most Chinese cities has improved BUT • Particulate concentrations such as PM2.5 in most Chinese cities are still far above the World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines • >70% of energy comes from coal combustion, creating SO2 emmissons • 2.55107 tons in 2005
Particulate Matter可吸入颗粒物 • Complex mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets, characterized by size of particulate: • PM2.5 : Fine Particles • PM10 : Coarse Particles • The accumulation of these particles sometimes causes high pollution episodes and low visibility. • Sources • combustion, including motor vehicles, power plants, residential wood burning, forest fires, agricultural burning, and some industrial processes
Negative Ion负离子 • Negative ions in the air indicate fresh, natural, “feel good” air.
Methodology方法 • Aerosol (Particulate Matter) • City of Nanjing • NFU • Negative Ion Counts • Nanjing City • NFU • Urban Forest: Changshu • University Farm: Broadleaf and Bamboo Forest • Poplar Plantation: Coastal • Yixing Bamboo Forest • Daily Dynamics of PM2.5 : Nanjing
Photo Representation of Field Sites照片表示的网站 Urban Forest: Changshu University Farm: Bamboo/Broadleaf Forest
Yixing: Bamboo Forest Poplar Plantation: Yellow Sea Forest Garden, Dongtai
Nanjing City Nanjing Forestry University Campus
Spatial Arrangement of Sites for Geostatical Analysis Nanjing Forestry University Sites (12)南京林业大学 Nanjing City Sites (38)南京网站
Equipment具 • TKI Model 8520 DustTrak aerosol monitor: • (PM1.0) • (PM2.5) • (PM10) • dust, smokes, fumes, and mists Counts negative and positive ions in the air (#/cc)
Statistical Analysis 统计分析 • Regular Statistics • Excel • Covariance • Mean • Geostatistics-Spatial Estimation • GS+ • Variograms/Semivariance • Interpolation by Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW)
Contour Maps: Urban PM PM1.0 PM2.5 Interpolation: geostatistical technique used to estimate values at points not directly measured, based on nearby data point values. PM10
Discussion讨论 PM2.5 and PM10 were shown to have a positive correlation in occurrence. With a high concentration of PM10, we should also be aware of the presence of fine PM and their associated health concerns. PM increase dramatically from 10:00-14:00 (mid-day). Possible Causes: traffic, temperature, humidity, agricultural burning summer season PM1.0 shows uniformity throughout the city and is not correlated to PM2.5 and PM10 PM2.5 and PM10 have show random distribution throughout the city with higher concentrations associated with the center of the city and lower values along the mountain and to the west, but few extreme values.
Negative Ion Mean Concentrations: Yixing Bamboo Forest>University Farm>NFU>Urban Forest> Poplar Plantation>Nanjing City Negative Ion Concentrations follow a clear pattern of occurrence from most forested areas to less forested areas. After interpolation, negative ion concentration seemed to be relatively uniform throughout the city with slightly higher values located in suburban areas west of Nanjing. We expected more negative ions near the mountainous area, but since it is exposed to pollution from the city due to transport, there was not a significant difference within those sites. (Sampling was performed at base of mountain).
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