Created by Mr. Steve Hauprich for acceleration and remediation of US History students

1. Created by Mr. Steve Hauprich for acceleration and remediation of US History students Historical Context: The American Civil Rights Movement, begun in the 1860’s,would finally gain full legal equality in the 1960’s. Thesis: Despite militant separatist approaches to dealing with America’s racial division, the greatest progress for justice in US society was achieved by the efforts of the non-violent civil rights movement in the1950’s and 1960’s.

2. Setting The Scene: African American leaders from Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. DuBois,Ida Wells, and Marcus Garvey… to A. Philip Randolph…attempted to undo the damage of Plessy v. Ferguson.

3. The 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott led by Rosa Parks and Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. showed how peaceful non-cooperationmethodscould effectively bring change.

4. The 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision overturnedthe 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision, but it required thecourage of students in Little Rock, Arkansas…

5. …and President Eisenhower sending in Federal Troops in 1957…to make the right for school integration a reality.

6. Lunch counter sit-in demonstrators practiced Civil Disbediencein Greensboro, North Carolina…addressing the conscienceof all Americans on the issues of discrimination. (1961)

7. Freedom Riders attempted to desegregate bathrooms,drinking fountains, and lunch counters usingnonviolent civil disobedience…and encountered much hatred. (1961)

8. In Birmingham, Alabama Reverend King led peaceful demonstrationsagainst segregation that landed he and other SCLC leaders in jail…while the rest of the nation witnessed police brutality. (1963)

9. Martin Luther King Jr. rallied the SCLC, NAACP, Urban League,and other organizations with his tumultuous “I Have A Dream” Speech later in 1963. “I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.”

10. In 1964 President Lyndon Johnson and Congress passedCivil Rights legislation ending discrimination ineconomicopportunity…and the 24th Amendment was addedending poll taxes for Federal Elections. 24th Amendment Section 1. Poll Tax Banned The right of citizens to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for the President or Vice President, or for senator or representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state by reason or failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.

11. Due to continued voter registration discrimination in Alabama,a massive peaceful demonstration led by Dr. King resulted in thepassing of the 1965 Voters Rights Act…ending literacy tests.

12. In 1968 the last major Civil Rights legislation was passed byCongress…the Fair Housing Act…which ended legaldiscrimination in housing.

13. While peaceful civil rights demonstrators persevered many injusticesto achieve their legal and moral victories, other groups were organized as alternatives to the non-violentcivil disobedience campaign.

14. The Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee SNCC,broke away from Dr. King’s campaign due to their frustrationwith the slow progress of passive resistance.(1966)

15. In Oakland, California Black Panthers organized a separatistself defense organization which focused on 2nd Amendment Rightsand knowledge of Due Process Rights to countercorrupt law enforcement practices.

16. The Black Nation of Islam led by Elijah Mohammed with prominentfollowers including Malcolm X and Mohammed Alidefied the US Government’s policies…especially with regards to the Vietnam War.

17. Black Separatists declared integration to be a denigrating andcorrupting goal…and made self-help and separation forAfrican Americans their rallying cry.

18. Conclusion:Civil Rights were acquired by many government actions including:court decisions, Presidential orders, legislative acts, and Constitutional Amendment,however, the severity of the sacrifice to obtain theserights was deemed an injustice worthy of disdainby Black Separatist dissenters.

19. Works Cited • http://www.wfa-usa.org/new/slshows/women/sld027.htm • http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/modern/jb_modern_parks_1_e.htm • http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/civilrights/buildings/litlrck2.JPG • http://www.ark-ives.com/photo/images/interior/ahc_int_photo_centralhigh.jpg • http://hum.lss.wisc.edu/bplummer/hist628/sitn.jpg • http://www.learntoquestion.com/seevak/groups/2001/sites/moses/archives/sit-in.htm • http://www.voicesofcivilrights.org/photoGallery/images/AARP_photo_gallery_03.jpg • http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/m_r/randall/policedogs.jpg • http://shl.stanford.edu/Crowds/galleries/selma/hist4.3.1.jpg • http://www.hagerstownhomestore.org/images/fair_housing_kids.gif • http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/215245.stm • http://www.haschrebellen.de/pics/usa/selbstschutz.jpg • http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/000001db.jpg • http://perso.ksurf.net/sidi_said/MalcomX7.jpg • http://www.backpagenewcastle.com/images/a-image/ali-fight-book.jpg • http://www.geocities.com/Area51/Rampart/5557/superali.jpg l

20. ___1. Which statement best describes the status of African Americans immediately after the end of Reconstruction in 1877? 1 Most African Americans held factory jobs in urban areas. 2 Most African Americans were able to take advantage of educationalopportunities at colleges.3 Despite the passage of several constitutional amendments, AfricanAmericans found that gaining equal rights was very difficult.4 Political rights for African Americans were guaranteed in the South,but restrictions and discrimination increased in the North.

21. ___2. After the Civil War, the poll tax, literacy test, and grandfather clausewere used to ensure that 1 all citizens exercised the right to vote2 poor people were given equal voting rights3 the voting rights of most former slaves were denied4 the elderly in the South could vote in Federal elections

22. ___3. African-American leaders Booker T Washington and W.E.B  Du Bois  differed most in their 1 proposed methods for achieving racial equality2 attitudes toward the implementation of the 15th amendment3 interpretations of the separate but equal" ruling of the Supreme Court4 views on the ultimate goal of civil rights efforts

23. ___4. In the early 20th century, which policy for the advancement of African Americans was favored by W.E.B. Du Bois and the newly formed National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP)? 1 mass migration to northern cities2 immediate action to end segregation and win equal rights3 establishment of a new republic in Africa for freedmen4 emphasis on economic advancement over social equality

24. "Though I have found no Negroes who want to see the [Allies] lose this war, I have found many who, before the war ends, want to see the stuffing knocked out of white supremacy . . . to win democracy for ourselves at home and to help win the war for democracy the world over. . . " - A. Philip Randolph ___5. Which war is most likely being discussed in this statement? 1 Revolutionary War          3 World War II 2 Civil War                       4 Vietnam War ___6. President Harry Truman advanced the cause of civil rights for African Americans by 1 ordering the desegregation of the Armed Forces2 appointing the first African American to the Supreme Court3 supporting the ratification of the 14th and 15th amendments4 establishing affirmative action policies for industry

25. "Separation of the races does not place a badge of inferiority upon one group over another, thus it is not a violation of the 14th amendment." (1896) -Plessy v. Ferguson "To separate (children in grade school and high school] from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status ... that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever|to be undone." (1954) -Brown v. Board of Ed. ___7. The difference in opinion between these two rulings best shows 1 a change in judicial philosophy and public attitudes 2 the persistent efforts of the major political parties to increase equal opportunity3 a recognition that democracy depends on economic equality for allcitizens4 the refusal of the Supreme Court to deal with controversial issues

26. ___8. Which statement is a valid conclusion based on President Dwight D.Eisenhower’s approach to applying the Brown v. Board of Education ruling to the desegregation of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas? 1 State governors do not have to obey Supreme Court rulings.2 Presidents refuse to allow military intervention in local disputes.3 Some Supreme Court decisions are not effective unless the President enforces them.4 Presidents have been unwilling to enforce laws pertaining tominorities.

27. Sec. 4.) Every person presenting himself for registration shall be able to read and write any section of the Constitution in the English language and before he shall be entitled to vote he shall have paid on or before the first day of March of the year in which he proposes to vote his poll tax as prescribed by law for the previous year.  —Public Laws of North Carolina, 1899, chapter 218 ___9. The principal purpose of this law was to 1 assure equality of voting rights for all peoples2 encourage literacy for former slaves3 prevent African Americans from using their suffrage rights4 promote the racial integration of Southern society

28. ___10. The main reason the Voting Rights Act of 1965 removed the literacy test as a voting qualification was that 1 different standards of literacy had been applied to different groups of voters 2 a majority of voters were unable to read election ballots3 technology had made voter literacy unnecessary4 the cost of achieving literacy was too high

29. "Rosa Parks Arrested""Supreme Court Rules Against School Segregation""Martin Luther King, Jr., Speaks at March on Washington“ ___11. Which movement is best represented by these newspaper headlines? 1 abolitionist             3 Progressive2 Populist                 4 civil rights

30. ___12. When Martin Luther King, Jr., spoke of his dream that the United States would reach a time ". . . when all of God's children, black men and white men.... will be able to join hands . . . " he was expressing a desire to 1 create a separate nation for African Americans within the United States2 unite all churches into one religious faith3 establish religious freedom for African Americans4 replace racial segregation with an integrated society

31. ___13. Which method is contrary to the principles of Martin Luther King, Jr.? 1 sit-ins at a segregated restaurant2 use of violence to express frustration in achieving racial equality3 demonstrations by minorities in front of a government building4 marches on Washington to draw attention to the needs of minorities

32. ___14. Which conclusion about the civil rights movement of the 1960's is most valid? 1 Groups in the movement had common goals but different methods for attaining them.2 Civil disobedience failed to bring about any legislative changes.3 The movement began with violent protests but ended with peaceful demonstrations.4 The movement failed to inspire other groups to work for change.

33. ___15. What has been one of the greatest obstacles to achieving racial integration of public schools in the United States? 1 Federal courts have avoided dealing with public education.2 Many cities have local laws requiring children of different races toattend different schools.3 "Separate but equal" public education is still legal in many states.4 Segregated housing patterns are still common in many communities. ___16. Some critics of affirmative action claim that these programs 1 reintroduce Jim Crow practices into the workplace2 apply to private business but not to public education3 lead to reverse discrimination and racial quotas4 fail to provide any assistance to persons with disabilities