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C H A P T E R 15

C H A P T E R 15. ERGOGENIC AIDS AND SPORT. w Learn the importance of including control groups and placebos when studying the ergogenic properties of a substance. Learning Objectives. w Discuss ergogenic aids—substances or phenomena that enhance performance above expected levels.

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C H A P T E R 15

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  1. C H A P T E R 15 ERGOGENIC AIDS AND SPORT

  2. w Learn the importance of including control groups and placebos when studying the ergogenic properties of a substance. Learning Objectives w Discuss ergogenic aids—substances or phenomena that enhance performance above expected levels. w Find out the proposed ergogenic benefits, proven effects, and risks of several pharmacological, hormonal, physiological, and nutritional agents. w Discover which substances that have been considered ergogenic are actually ergolytic—they impair performance.

  3. Examples of Ergogenic Aids in Sports w Football—anabolic steroids w Cycling—blood doping; amphetamines w Wrestling—diuretics, amphetamines w Distance running—phosphate loading Note: Scientific studies are limited by the accuracy of measurements and individual day-to-day variability. Events are won by hundredths of seconds or by centimeters.

  4. Placebo Effect The placebo effect is when your ____________ of a substance ______________ your body’s response to it. While the effect is _______________ in origin, the body’s physical response to the substance is real.

  5. PLACEBO EFFECT ON STRENGTH GAINS Subjects thought they were taking anabolic steroids during the 4 week training period.

  6. Amphetamine Effects

  7. Caffeine Effects Competitive cyclists pedaled to exhaustion at 80% VO2max after drinking a decaffeinated drink or a caffeinated drink – note that the lines for FFA are incorrectly reversed. The caffeine group exercised 20% longer than the decaffeinated group. McArdle, Katch, and Katch, Exercise Physiology, 2001

  8. Changes in Weight Lifters during a 6-Week Treatment Period Difference due to increased aggression?

  9. STEROIDS AND LEAN BODY MASS This graph summarizes results from a number of different studies.

  10. STEROIDS AND STRENGTH GAINS Changes over 10 weeks of treatment with and without strength training

  11. Steroid Precursors Androstenedione (“andro”) and dehydroepiandersterone (DHEA), both natural precursors of ________________, have been proposed to have ergogenic properties—increased muscle mass and strength—but research has not completely supported the claims that have been made. Andro – Over-the-counter substance; banned by IOC, NCAA, etc.; made famous by Mark McGuire DHEA – Over-the-counter substance; not banned

  12. Natural DHEA Changes with Age McArdle, Katch and Katch, Exercise Physiology, 2001

  13. . Effects of Blood Doping on Hemoglobin Concentration in the Blood Blood is drawn, RBCs are separated and frozen, then reinfused % (Lasse Virren – 1972 Olympics – 5 K and 10 K gold) Powers and Howley, Exercise Physiology, 1997

  14. . VO2MAX AND FATIGUE AFTER BLOOD DOPING

  15. PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT AFTER BLOOD DOPING

  16. OXYGEN SUPPLEMENTATION AND PERFORMANCE Subjects performed 2 60-second bouts of all-out cycling; oxygen or room air was administered during the 2 minutes between the bouts.

  17. Effects of Bicarbonate Loading before and between Exercise Bouts The 5th bout was to exhaustion; the bicarbonate-loaded group went 42% longer than the control group.

  18. BRANCED CHAIN AMINO ACIDS AND PERFORMANCE Effects of BCAAs on time to exhaustion during cycling at ~75% VO2max. There were no significant differences among the treatments.

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