Download
1 / 17
980 likes | 4.42k Vues
Pneumonia:. Definition : Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung—especially affecting the microscopic air sacs (alveoli), and the parenchyma of the lung. Lung parenchyma refers to alveolar tissue with respiratory bronchioles , alveolar ducts,
E N D
Pneumonia: Definition: Pneumoniais an inflammatorycondition of the lung—especially affecting the microscopicairsacs (alveoli), and the parenchyma of the lung. Lungparenchyma refers to alveolar tissue with respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, blood vessels and terminal bronchioles.
Classification of pneumonia: Traditionally, clinicians have classified pneumonia by clinical characteristics, dividing them into "acute" (less than three weeks duration) and "chronic" pneumonias. Acute pneumonias are further divided into: 1-The classic bacterial broncho-pneumonias: (such as Streptococcuspneumoniae). 2-The atypical pneumonias : (such as the interstitial pneumonitis of Mycoplasma pneumoniaeor Chlamydiapneumoniae). 3-The aspiration pneumonia syndromes.
ni Chronic pneumonias, on the other hand, mainly include: 1- Chronic Bacterial pneumonias: Caused by Nocardia, or Actinomyces . 2- Chronic fungal pneumonias: caused by Blastomycesdermatitidis. 3-The granulomatous pneumonias (bacterial and fungal): (Mycobacterium tuberculosisand atypical mycobacteria), Histoplasmacapsulatumand Coccidioidesimmitis).
a Pneumonia can be also classified according to the place where it was acquired into: 1- Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) . 2- Hospital-acquired pneumonia, also called nosocomial pneumonia. CAP is the most common type of pneumonia. The most common causes of acutebacterialCAPvary depending on a person's age, but they include Streptococcus pneumoniae (50%), viruses, the atypical bacteria, and Haemophilusinfluenzae(20%). Gram-negative bacteria may cause CAP ( Klebsella pneumonia).
a Hospital-acquired pneumonia, also called nosocomial pneumonia, is pneumonia acquired during or after hospitalization. It occurs at least 72 hrs after admission. Hospitalized patients may have many risk factors for pneumonia, including mechanical ventilation, prolonged malnutrition, heart and lung diseases, and immune disturbances. Hospital-acquired microorganisms may include resistant bacteria such as MRSA, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, and Serratia, andVRE.
Pathophysiology: Pneumonia frequently starts as a upper respiratory tract infection that moves into the lower respiratory tract. Bacteria can be inhaled into lung alveoli, Once inside, bacteria may invade the spaces between cells and between alveoli through connectingpores. This invasion triggers the immunesystem to send neutrophils. The neutrophils engulf and kill the offending organisms, and also releasecytokines, causing a general activation of the immune system. The neutrophils, bacteria, and fluid from surrounding blood vessels fillthealveoli and interrupt normal oxygentransportation.
Pathophysiology: Pneumoniafills the lung's alveoli with fluid, keeping oxygen from reaching the bloodstream.
a Upper panel shows a normal lung under a microscope. The white spaces are alveoli that contain air. Lower panel shows a lung with pneumonia under a microscope. The alveoli are filled with inflammation and debris.
Etiology and diagnosis: Clinical specimens: Sputum, transtracheal aspirate, Broncheoalveolar lavage, and lung biopsy. Cultural characteristics: Streptococcus pneumonia: All species are Gram’s positive lanceolate shaped cocci arranged in pairs or chains, capsulated and non-spore formers. All species show alpha hemolytic activity on blood agar. All species are optochin sensitive.
Isolation of Gram negative bacilli from sputum specimens: The most important Gram negative bacilli that associated with pneumonia are: 1- Klebsiella pneumoniae. 2- Pseudomonas aeruginosa( Nosocomial pneumonia) 3- Escherichia coli. 4- Enterobacter and Serratia (Nosocomial pneumonia). All are Gram negative non-spore forming bacilli belong to the Family Enterobactereaceae.
Laboratory identification of Enterobactereacae: Klebsiellapneumoniae and E.coliare lactose fermenters . Pseudomonus species and serratiaare none-fermenters .
Growth characteristics of Pseudomonus species on nutrient agar: The exopigment production of pseudomonason nutrient agar discriminate it from other species. (greenishyellowish pyoverdin).
The granulomatous pneumonias: Some infectious microbes such as Mycobacteriumspecies Cause this type of chronic pneumonia. Granuloma is defined as an aggregation of immune cells (the alveolarmacrophage) that engulf invading microbes but it can not kill them. The aggregation of alveolar macrophage which contains available livingmicrobes within lung tissue called granuloma of the lung.
The granulomatous pneumonias: Picture of a granuloma (without necrosis) as seen through a microscope on a glass slide. The granuloma in this picture was found in a lymph node of a patient With Mycobacterium avium infection .
Signs and symptoms of pneumonia: People with infectious pneumonia often have a cough producing greenish or yellow sputum, and a high fever that may be combined with chills. Shortness of breath and chest pain are also common. People with pneumonia may cough up blood, experience headaches. Other possible symptoms are fatigue, blueness of the skin, nausea, vomiting, and joint pains or muscle aches.
