1. Parts of a Vascular Plant Objectives: Explain the main functions of the vegetative parts of a plant Notes = yellow

2. Parts of a plant • The tissues in a plant can be divided into two main groups: • Vegetative: Roots, Stems and Leaves • Reproductive: Seeds (+ fruits and flowers in angiosperms)

3. Roots • Function: • Anchor a plant to the ground • Absorb water and minerals from the soil • Sometimes store food

4. Types of Roots • There are two main types of roots: • Fibrous: Consists of many similarly sized roots that form a dense tangled mass. • What happens when you try to pull a fibrous root out of the soil?

5. Taproots: Consists of one long thick main root, with many smaller roots that branch off the main root. Taproots are often used to store food.

6. Structure of a Root • What is the purpose of the root cap? • What is the purpose of the root hairs? • Would you expect to find chloroplasts in roots? Why?

7. Stems • Function: • Produces branches, leaves and flowers. • Carries substances between the plant’s roots and leaves. • Provides support for the plant and holds up leaves so that they are exposed to the sun.

8. StemStructure • Stems consist of vascular tissue as well as many other supporting cells. • The vascular tissue in a plant consists of • Xylem: flows up from root to leaves. Xylem sap consists of water and inorganic ions. The word xylem is derived from the Greek word for wood. • Phloem: flows down from leaves to roots. Phloemcarries the product of photosynthesis (sucrose) to the parts of the plant that need it. The word phloem is derived from the Greek word for bark.

9. Types of Stems • Herbaceous Stems: Stems with no wood. Often soft. The vascular tissue is arranged in a ring. Usually contain chlorophyll.

10. Woody Stems Tissue is arranged in layers. • Outer bark: protects the cells • Inner bark: Living phloem • Cambium: Produces new xylem and phloem • Sapwood: Active xylem • Heartwood: Old inactive xylem.

11. Questions to ponder • Based on the picture and what you just learned from woody stems, • Which part of the stem is tapped by maple syrup producers? • What happens to a tree trunk as it “grows”? • Where is the oldest part of a tree?

12. Leaves • Leaves come in all shapes and sizes. However, the structure of leaves is adapted for capturing the sun’s energy and carrying out photosynthesis.

13. Leaf structure • Cuticle: waxy waterproof coating that controls water loss. • Upper leaf cells: tightly packed, trap sunlight. • Lower leaf cells: widely spaced allow carbon dioxide to reach cells and oxygen to escape • Stomata: Pores on the underside of the leaf that open and close to allow gases to enter and exit the leaf.

14. Now for applying concepts • With your table draw a three way Venn Diagram to compare/contrast the function and structure of leaves, stems and roots.