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Chapter 21: Americas & Oceania

Chapter 21: Americas & Oceania. Worlds Apart. Mesoamerican cultures. Societies to remember Mexica /Aztecs Inca Builder societies Pueblo Mound Longhouses. The Toltecs. Constant war M igrated in 8 th century Irrigation Agricultural cultivation Stone homes & cities Capital: Tula.

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Chapter 21: Americas & Oceania

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  1. Chapter 21: Americas & Oceania Worlds Apart

  2. Mesoamerican cultures • Societies to remember • Mexica/Aztecs • Inca • Builder societies • Pueblo • Mound • Longhouses

  3. The Toltecs • Constant war • Migrated in 8th century • Irrigation • Agricultural cultivation • Stone homes & cities • Capital: Tula

  4. Mexica - Aztecs • C. 1345 began Tenochtitlan • Chinampas

  5. Aztec society • Rigidly hierarchical • Males (noble) – warriors • Women – household duties • Priests – read omens, sacrifices • Calpulli = clan • Cultivation • Artisans • Merchants

  6. Mexica Religion • Human blood sacrifice essential for productivity • Why would productivity be particularly important for the Mexica? • Who got sacrificed? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=laMZlaTT1LU

  7. North American Societies • Pueblo & Navajo • Iroquois • Mound Builders • Cahokia

  8. Inca • Cuzco • Extensive road system • Runner system • Quechua language • Sun Worship • Centralized government • What political entity does this remind you of? Why?

  9. Inca Society • State controlled trade • Rulers • Aristocrats • Mummification of royalty • Bureaucratic class • Used quipu • Priests • Celibate aeceticism • Commoners • Lived in ayllu https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=knpzNN258_0

  10. Inca Religion • Inti – sun god • Agricultural sacrifices • Sin • Life after death • Confession & pennance

  11. Oceania • Aboriginal foraging communities • Small exchange between groups, but no trade routes • Religion centered around the local environment

  12. Pacific Island Societies • Inter-island contact & trade • 400 – 700 C.E. spread of the sweet potato • Tahiti & Hawaii interactions (fishhooks) • Dense populations sometimes resulted in migration

  13. Entre’ Europe • Established exchange and communications networks were not dramatically affected because of infrequent European reconnaissance in the Pacific Ocean

  14. Not exactly a triangle trade

  15. The Americas & Disease • Millions of indigenous people may have died prior to the onslaught of European expansionism into N. & S. America. Historians theorize that as many as 1 to 18 million N. Americans and similar amounts of S. Americans died before 1492 when Columbus arrived. • If the hypotheses are correct and millions had already perished, what potential effects would this have had on native societies? • Why would the Aztec’s and Incas in particular not use their numerical superiority to overwhelm the Conquistadors? • What epidemic is blamed as the most likely culprit for catastrophic population decline? Why is that particular disease blamed?

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