Jocelyn L. Prendergast, MSc

1. Jocelyn L. Prendergast, MSc Contractor / KT Consulting Research Chemist

2. Education • MSc Forensic Science(2004 -2005) • University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland • OCME - Toxicology Laboratory • The comparison, development and validation of two extraction methods for the detection of Barbiturates by GC/MS. • BSc (Hons) Chemistry with Medicinal Chemistry (2000-2004) • University of Glasgow, Scotland

3. SRM Work • Drugs of Abuse in Human Serum • Cotinine in Freeze Dried Urine • Drugs of Abuse in Human Hair • Antiepilepsy Drugs in Human Serum • Smoking Marker’s in Human Urine

4. Non-SRM Work • Evaluation of point-of-collection Oral Fluid Drugs Screening Devices • Oleoresin Capsicum Canister Study (OLES) • Evaluation of Field Test Kits for the detection of Methamphetamine Residue for the Remediation of Clandestine Meth Labs

5. Methamphetamine Remediation • What is a Clandestine Meth lab? • Where are they found? • How do you make Meth? • What are the hazards/dangers? • Who is responsible for their clean-up?

6. What is a Clandestine Lab? • Clandestine = marked by, held in or conducted with secrecy1 1Merriam Webster Dictionary • A clandestine lab is a lab that is hidden and used to illegally manufacture controlled substances. “Mom & Pop” Labs

7. Where are they found? • In the US

12. How do you make Meth? • Antifreeze (Ethylene Glycol) • Asthma Medicine • Battery Acid • Cold Medicine – ephedrine / pseudoephedrine • Drain Cleaner • Hydrochloric Acid • Lantern Fuel • Red Phosphorous

13. How do you make Meth? Cooking -where precursors are mixed with solvents and heated to form the drug base. Extraction – base is removed from excess solvents and other undesirable substances. Salting or Drying – where the product is converted to its final usable form and then dried. Method 1: P-2-P Method 2: RED P Method 3: Nazi or Birch

14. What are the hazards/dangers? • Extremely Flammable • Toxic • Respiratory Problems • Skin Irritations • Eye Irritations • Headaches • Nausea • Dizziness • Loss of Coordination • Environmental Effects • Liver Damage • Kidney Damage • Damage to the CNS

15. Who is responsible? • Property owner is responsible for cleaning up the property. • Except for Colorado • Average Cost $5000 ($20,000) • Meth is a condensation aerosol and can be readily resuspended from contaminated surfaces.

16. Methamphetamine Remediation Act 2007 • Requires EPA, in consultation with NIST to establish voluntary guidelines for the remediation of former methamphetamine labs, including site assessments and the remediation of residual contaminants. • Relevant standards, guidelines and requirements in laws and regulations, the varying types and locations of former methamphetamine labs, and the expected cost of carrying out any proposed guidelines.

17. Methamphetamine Remediation Act 2007 • Voluntary guidelines are to be used to assist state and local governments in the development and implementation of legislation and other policies to apply state of the art knowledge to the remediation of former labs.  • Requires EPA / NIST to periodically update the guidelines, in consultation with states and other interested parties, as necessary and appropriate to incorporate research findings and other new knowledge.

18. Meth Reside Field Test Kits

19. Sensitivity • The lowest possible concentration of methamphetamine that can be positively detected. • Limit of Detection (LOD) • LOD begin as low as 0.05 µg/100cm3 • State Clearance Levels Range from 0.5-1.0 µg/100cm3

20. Selectivity Possible False Positives • Methamphetamine Derivatives • Amphetamines • Precursors – ephedrine / pseudoephedrine Other Substances to Test • Other Drugs of Abuse • Cocaine, Heroin, MDMA etc • Common household items • Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Baking Soda, Excedrin, Mace, Salt, Sugar, Tea, Tobacco etc

21. GC/MS

22. Schematic of ID-MS

23. Thin Layer Chromatography • A chromatography technique used to separate mixtures. • Performed on a sheet of adsorbent material called the stationary phase. • Solvent (mobile phase) is drawn up the plate via capillary action. • Analytes ascend at different rates resulting in separation.

24. Thin Layer Chromatography • Monitor the progress of a reaction • Identify compounds present in a given substance • Determine the purity of a substance Separation of Black Ink

25. Teacher’s Preliminary Preparation • Assemble a collection of pens • Create a devious message • Prepare the TLC Plates • Methyl Alcohol (Hardware stores have it!) • Several blacklights • Large bell jars with lids • Small containers (e.g. bottle cap, mouthwash cup) • Paper towel • Tweezers

26. Protocol for Ink Identification You will need: • 4 Pens • Unknown handwriting sample • Methyl alcohol • TLC Plate • Large Bell Jar with lid • A pipet tip • Tweezers • Paper Towel • Safety Glasses!

27. Pencil lines 1 cm Preparing the TLC Plate • Mark TLC plate with a pencil line 1 cm from bottom. 16 cm • Pencil in 5 marks across the line, 1 cm apart. Origin 6.6 cm

28. Protocol for Ink Identification • Equilibration • 15mL methyl alcohol to bell jar. Screw lid tightly and shake. • Exemplars • Prepare to spot the TLC plate with the 4 known pens. • Questioned Sample • Prepare to spot TLC plate with unknown ink sample. • Development Chamber • Once all your ink spots are dry place the TLC plate inot the Bell Jar.

29. Protocol for Ink Identification • Most inks are a mixture of many colors. • Look at your TLC plate under the black light. • Mark the center of each spot with a cross.

30. Not all black is black