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Ideologies and Upheavals 1815-1850

Ideologies and Upheavals 1815-1850. Chapter 23. The Congress of Vienna (September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815). 1 After Defeat of Napoleon. Victorious Alliance of Russia, Austria, Prussia call the shots French boundaries of 1792 restored French royals restored ( the Bourbons )

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Ideologies and Upheavals 1815-1850

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  1. Ideologies and Upheavals1815-1850 Chapter 23

  2. The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)

  3. 1 After Defeat of Napoleon • Victorious Alliance of Russia, Austria, Prussia call the shots • French boundaries of 1792 restored • French royals restored ( the Bourbons ) • 2 Balance of Power- an international equilibrium of political and military force

  4. 3. Key Players at Vienna Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Br.) Tsar Alexander I (Rus.) The “Host”Prince Klemens von Metternich (Aus.) King Frederick William III (Prus.) Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

  5. Europe in 1812

  6. Changes Made at Vienna • Norway and Sweden were joined. • The neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed. • Hanover was enlarged, and made a kingdom. • Britain was given Cape Colony, South Africa, and various other colonies in Africa and Asia. • Sardinia was given Piedmont, Nice, Savoy, and Genoa. • The Bourbon Ferdinand I was restored in the Two Sicilies. • The Duchy of Parma was given to Marie Louise. • The slave trade was condemned (at British urging). • Freedom of navigation was guaranteed for many rivers.

  7. Europe After the Congress of Vienna

  8. 4. Crusade vs. Liberalism • Led by Metternich • Holy Alliance between Austria, Prussia and Russia vs. revolutionary ideas • Liberals squashed in Sicily and Spain • But Latin American colonies leave Spain • Carlsbad decrees represses subversive ideas in German states

  9. 5. Metternich & Conservatism • “Best state made up of monarchy, bureaucracy, & aristocracy” • He claims that liberalism stirs up lower classes and causes war and bloodshed • He was afraid that nationalistic liberalism in Central Europe would break up the Austrian Empire • Hungarians, Czechs and minority Germans were dissatisfied groups

  10. 6 What were the radical ideas opposed by the establishment?

  11. a. Liberalism • Representative government • Individual Freedoms • Little government intervention • Unregulated economy- “laissez-faire” • Championed by Adam Smith who argued for a free economy and no mercantilism • Adopted by British business and middle class to keep lower classes down • Radical liberals wanted universal suffrage

  12. John Locke • Contract theory of government. • Regarded the state as ahuman construction, established by an originalcontract. • Limited, constitutional government. • Civil society of free men, equal under the rule of law, bound together by no common purpose but sharing respect for each other’s rights. • Doctrine of natural rights. • Links private property with individual liberty.

  13. Adam Smith • His Wealth of Nations adds an economic dimension. • He merged Locke’s ideas of civil society with economic theory. • Free trade economics. • Saw the “invisible hand” where a benevolent God administered a universe in which human happiness was maximized.

  14. Jean Jacques Rousseau • His Social Contract andtheory of the “general will” demonstrates an alternative origin of Liberalism. • Men must resolve problemsthrough our capacity tochoose how we ought to live. • Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains. • Humans are essentially free, but the ‘progress’ of civilization has substituted subservience to others for that freedom.

  15. b. Nationalism • Believed in cultural unity • Groups should be united by culture and language • Fanned by ceremonies, parades and traditions • “ the people” linked nationalism with democracy • Nationalism becomes negative when it becomes “us” vs. “them”

  16. c. French Utopian Socialism • No individualism- must have cooperation and sense of community • Economic equality • No private property • Against laissez faire and for the skilled worker

  17. Socialist Leaders • Saint-Simon: planned societies would improve condition of poor • Fourier: criticized middle class customs and sexual-marriage customs • Blanc: supported government backed factories to provide guaranteed jobs

  18. d. Marxism • Begun by Marx and Engels • Believed workers ( proletariat ) were exploited by middle class (bourgeoisie) • Workers would some day revolt against capitalist • Profits were wages stolen from workers

  19. The Communist Manifesto Karl Marx Friedrich Engels

  20. Historicism • The “Hegelian Dialectic” • History advances through conflict. • One phase of history creates its opposite [ex: absolutism to democracy]. Thesis Antithesis George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel[1744-1803] Synthesis

  21. e. Romanticism • Believed in emotional exuberance, imagination and spontaneity • Stressed individualism and rejected materialism • Emphasized nature and emphasized the study of history • History was the way to understand national destiny

  22. The Romantic Movement • Began in the 1790s and peaked in the 1820s. • Mostly in Northern Europe, especially in Britain and Germany. • A reaction against classicism. • The “Romantic Hero:” • Greatest example was Lord Byron • Tremendously popular among the European reading public. • Youth imitated his haughtiness and rebelliousness.

  23. 1. Emotions! Passion! Irrationality!

  24. Wandering Above the Sea of FogCaspar David Friedrich,1818

  25. Lady Macbeth - Henry Fuseli, 1794

  26. 2. The "Rugged" Individual

  27. The Dreamer Gaspar David Friedrich, 1835

  28. Solitary Tree Caspar David Friedrich, 1823

  29. 3. The Power & Fury of Nature

  30. An Avalanche in the AlpsPhilip James de Loutherbourg, 1803

  31. Sunset After a Storm On the Coast of Sicily – Andreas Achenbach, 1853

  32. The DelugeFrancis Danby, 1840

  33. Tree of CrowsCaspar David Friedrich, 1822

  34. The Wreck of the Hope (aka The Sea of Ice)Caspar David Friedrich, 1821

  35. Shipwreck – Joseph Turner, 1805

  36. The Raft of the MedusaThéodoreGéricault, 1819

  37. The Eruption of Vesuvius - John Martin

  38. 4. Science Can Be Dangerous!

  39. Isaac Newton – William Blake, 1795

  40. Dr. Frankenstein’s Adam & Eve??

  41. 5. The "New" Technology Is Dehumanizing

  42. Rain, Steam, and SpeedJoseph Mallord William Turner, 1844

  43. Rain, Steam, & Speed

  44. The Slave ShipJoseph Mallord William Turner, 1842

  45. The Slave Ship

  46. 6. Romanticizing Country Life

  47. Flatford Mill – John Constable, 1817

  48. The Corn FieldJohn Constable,1826

  49. The Hay Wain - John Constable, 1821

  50. 7. The Gothic: "Romanticizing" the Middle Ages

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