Five Primary Categories of Human Rights:

1. Five Primary Categories of Human Rights: • Civil Rights • Political Rights • Economic Rights • Social Rights • Cultural Rights

2. DEFINITION HUMAN RIGHTS are the rights that all people have by virtue of being human beings. HUMAN RIGHTS are derived from the inherent dignity of the human person and are defined internationally, nationally and locally by various law making bodies.

3. DEFINITION HUMAN RIGHTS is defined as the supreme, inherent, and inalienable rights to life, to dignity, and to self-development. It is concerned with issues in both areas of civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights founded on internationally accepted human rights obligations

4. Core Principles: Human Dignity Equality Non-discrimination Universality Interdependency Indivisibility Inalienability Responsibilities The rights that someone has simply because he or she is a human being & born into this world. What are the Human Rights Principles?

5. HUMAN RIGHTS RIGHTS – moral power to hold (rights to life, nationality, own property, rest and leisure), to do (rights to marry, peaceful assembly, run for public office, education), to omit (freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment, freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention or exile) or to exact something (equal protection of the law, equal access to public service, equal pay for equal work) HUMAN RIGHTS coined by Eleanor Roosevelt to replace Rights of Man NATURE – Human rights are more than legal concepts: they are the essence of man. They are what make man human. That is why they are called human rights; deny them and you deny man’s humanity (Jose Diokno)

6. Characteristics of Human Rights • Universal • Internationally guaranteed • Legally protected • Protects individuals and groups • Cannot be taken away • Equal and indivisible • Obliges States and State actors

7. Philosophical Visions: Human Nature - A search for Common secular inquiry and human reason • 400 B.C.E. est. - Mo Zi founded Mohist School of Moral Philosophy in China Importance of duty, self-sacrifice, and an all-embracing respect for others – “universally throughout the world” • 300 B.C.E. est. – Chinese sage Mencious Wrote on the “human nature” – “humans are fundamentally good, but goodness needs to be nurtured” • 300 B.C.E. est. – Hsun-tzu Asserted “to relieve anxiety and eradicate strife, nothing is a effective as the institution of corporate life based on a clear recognition of individual rights”

8. Philosophical Visions: Human Nature • 1750 B.C.E. – King Hammurabi in Babylon Necessary to honor broad codes of justice among people. Created one of the earliest legal codes to govern behavior – “let the oppressed man come under my statue” to seek equal justice in law • Ancient Egypt Explicit social justice – “comfort the afflicted…refrain from unjust punishment. Kill not…make no distinction between the son of a man of importance and one of humble origin” • Early Sanskrit writings in Indian Responsibility of rulers for the welfare of people. “Noone should be allowed to suffer… either because of poverty or of any deliberate actions on the part of others”

9. Philosophical Visions: Human Nature with Spiritual/Religious Traditions • 300 B.C.E. – Ashoka of India Freedom of worship and other rights of his subjects. Other leaders from this area impartial justice and social equality and no castes should exist since all are from one tree • 16th century - Hindu philosopher Chaitanya “There is only one caste – humanity” • Sikh leader Guru Gobind Singh Proclaimed “recognize all the human race as one” • 10th Century - Al-Farabi, an Islamic Philosopher Wrote The Outlook of the People of the City of Virtue, a vision of moral society in which all individual were endowed with rights and lived in love and charity with their neighbors.

10. Philosophical Visions: Natural Law – focused on universal responsibilities and duties rather than what are now described as rights • Greek Philosophers Equal respect for all citizens (insotimia). Equality before the law (isonomia). Equality in political power (isokratia) and Suffrage (isopsephia). • Marcus Tillius Cicero “Universal justice and law guided human nature to act justly and be of service to others” – This natural law “binds all human society” together, applies to every member of “the whole human race” without distinction and unique dignity of each person. • French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762)“Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains”

11. 1750 B.C.E. Code of Hammurabi, Babylonia 1200 - 300 B.C.E. Old Testament 551 - 479 B.C.E. Analects of Confucius 40 - 100 C.E. New Testament 644 - 656 C.E. Koran 1215 Magna Carta, England 1400 Code of Nezahualcoyotl, Aztec 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, Europe 1689 English Bill of Rights, England 1776 Declaration of Independence, United States 1787 United States Constitution 1789 French Declaration on the Rights of Man and the Citizen, France 1791 -United States Bill of Rights Precursors to 20th Century Human Rights Documents

12. 19th and 20th Century Human Rights based on Natural Rights • 1863: Emancipation Proclamation, United States • 1864 & 1949: Geneva Conventions, International Red Cross • 1919: League of Nations Covenant, International Labor Organization (ILO) Created • 1920: Women gain the right to vote in the U.S. • 1926: Slavery Convention • 1945: United Nations Charter, San Francisco • 1947: Mohandas Gandhi uses non-violent protests leading India to independence.

13. Legal basis - UN Charter • Sets the promotion of and respect for human rights for all as one of the aims of the UN • Establishes legal obligations for Member States to take action to achieve respect for human rights

14. Legal basis • Human rights Treaties • Conventions, Covenants • Declarations • Contain detailed lists and definitions of human rights and obligations of the State

15. Five categories of Human Rights • Civil – the right to be treated as an equal to anyone else in society • Political – the right to vote, to freedom of speech and to obtain information • Economic – the right to participate in an economy that benefits all; and to desirable work • Social – the right to education, health care, food, clothing, shelter and social security • Cultural – the right to freedom of religion, and to speak the language, and to practice the culture of one’s choice

16. SOME CIVIL RIGHTS • Life • Belief in own religion • Opinion • Free speech • Non-discrimination according to sex • Marry • Race • Cultural background

17. SOME POLITICAL RIGHTS • Vote in elections • Freely form or join political parties • Live in an independent country • Stand for public office • Freely disagree with views and policies of political leaders

18. SOME ECONOMIC RIGHTS • Jobs • Work without exploitation • Fair wage • Safe working conditions • Form trade unions • Have adequate food • Protection against labor malpractices

19. SOME SOCIAL RIGHTS • Housing • Education • Health services • Recreation facilities • Clean environment • Social security

20. SOME CULTURAL RIGHTS • Use own language • Develop cultural activities • Ancestral domains • Develop own kind of schooling