CHAPTER 21 Section 1 Terms, People, and Places

1. CHAPTER 21 Section 1Terms, People, and Places Henry Bessemer Alfred Nobel Michael Faraday Dynamo Thomas Edison Interchangeable Parts Assembly Line Orville and Wilbur Wright Guglielmo Marconi Stock Corporation Cartel

2. Henry Bessemer – A British engineer who developed a new process for making steel from iron with the help of American inventor William Kelly. In 1865, Bessemer patented this process. • Alfred Nobel – A Swedish chemist that invented dynamite in 1866. • Michael Faraday – He was an English chemist who created the first simple electric motor and the first dynamo. Today, all electrical generators and transformers work on the principle of Faraday’s dynamo.

3. Dynamo – A machine used to generate electricity. • Thomas Edison – American inventor who made the first electric light bulb in the 1870’s. Factories could continue to operate after dark now. • Interchangeable Parts – Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing. • Assembly Line – Production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks.

4. Orville and Wilbur Wright – In 1903, these American bicycle makers designed and flew a flimsy airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. • Guglielmo Marconi – By the 1890’s this Italian pioneer had invented the radio. In 1901, he received a radio message, using Morse code, sent from Britain to Canada. • Stock – Shares in a company. • Corporation – Business owned by many investors who buy shares of stock and risk only the amount of their investment. • Cartel – A group of companies that join together to control the production and price of a product.

5. CHAPTER 21 Section 2Terms, People, and Places • Germ Theory • Louis Pasteur • Robert Koch • Florence Nightingale • Joseph Lister • Urban Renewal • Mutual-aid Society • Standard of Living

6. Germ Theory – The theory that infectious diseases are caused by certain microbes. • Louis Pasteur – French chemist showed the link between microbes and disease in 1870. He developed vaccines against rabies and anthrax. He also discovered a process called pasteurization that killed disease-carrying microbes in milk. • Robert Koch – In the 1880’s, this German doctor identified the bacterium that caused tuberculosis, a respiratory disease that claimed about 30 million people in the 1800s.

7. Florence Nightingale – An army nurse during the Crimean War insisting on better hygiene in field hospitals. After the war, she worked to introduce sanitary measures in British hospitals. She also founded the world’s first school of nursing. • Joseph Lister – English surgeon who discovered how antiseptics prevented infection. Insisted that surgeons sterilize their instruments and wash their hands before operating. The use of antiseptics drastically reduced deaths from infection. • Urban Renewal – The process of fixing up the poor areas of a city. • Mutual-aid Society – Self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers. • Standard Of Living – Measures the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society.

8. CHAPTER 21 Section 3Terms, People, and Places • Cult of Domesticity • Temperance Movement • Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Women’s Suffrage • Sojourner Truth • John Dalton • Charles Darwin • Racism • Social Gospel

9. Cult of Domesticity – Idealization of women and the home. • Temperance Movement – Campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages. • Elizabeth Cady Stanton – In 1892 this American women’s rights leader argued that women should have an equal right to education. • Women’s Suffrage – Women’s right to vote.

10. Sojourner Truth – An African American suffragist is believed to have replied, “Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mudpuddles, or gives me any best place! And ain’t I a woman?” • John Dalton – English Quaker schoolteacher who developed modern atomic theory in the early 1800s. He showed that all matter was made of tiny particles called atoms and that each element has its own kind of atoms.

11. Charles Darwin – In 1859, this British naturalist published On the Origin of Species. He claimed that all forms of life, including human beings, had evolved into their present state over millions of years. • Racism – Belief that one racial group is superior to another. • Social Gospel – Movement of the 1800s that urged Christians to do social service.

12. CHAPTER 21Section 4Terms, People, and Places • William Wordsworth • William Blake • Romanticism • Lord Byron • Victor Hugo • Ludwig Van Beethoven • Realism • Charles Dickens • Gustave Courbet • Louis Daguerre • Impressionism • Claude Monet • Vincent van Gogh

13. William Wordsworth – In the 1800s this English poet was part of a cultural movement called romanticism. • William Blake – He was part of a cultural movement called romanticism. • Romanticism – 19th-century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason. • Lord Byron – Romantic writer who joined Greek forces battling for freedom. When he died of a fever, his legend bloomed. Public interest in his poetry and adventures was so great that moody, isolated romantic heroes came to be described as “Byronic.”

14. Victor Hugo – Romantic writer who re-created France’s past in novels like The Three Musketeers and The Hunchback of Notre Dame, with the help of writer Alexandre Dumas. • Ludwig Van Beethoven – An accomplished musician by the age of 12. German composer who combined classical forms with a stirring range of sound. His career was haunted in 1798 at the age of 28 when he began to lose his hearing. He continued to compose music he could hear only with his mind. • Realism – 19th-century artistic movement whose aim was to represent the world as it is.

15. Charles Dickens – English novelist who vividly portrayed the lives of slum dwellers and factory workers, including children. • Gustave Courbet – French realist painter who represented the realities of their time, rejecting the romantic emphasis. • Louis Daguerre – French man who worked with William Fox Talbot from England that improved on earlier technologies to produce successful photographs.

16. Impressionism – School of painting of the late 1800s and early 1900s that tried to capture fleeting visual impressions. • Claude Monet – Impressionist who brushed strokes of color side by side without any blending. He felt that the human eye would mix these patches of color. • Vincent van Gogh – Postimpressionist painter experimented with sharp brush lines and bright colors. His unique brushwork lent a dreamlike quality to everyday subjects.