CHAPTER 22 Section 1 Terms, People, and Places

1. CHAPTER 22Section 1Terms, People, and Places Otto von Bismarck Chancellor Realpolitik Annex Kaiser Reich

2. Otto von Bismarck – Chancellor of Germany who delivered the “blood and iron” speech in 1862 setting the tone for his future policies. He was determined to build a strong, unified German state, with Prussia at its head. • Chancellor – The highest official of a monarch, prime minister. • Realpolitik – Realistic politics based on the needs of the state. • Annex – Add a territory to an existing state or country. • Kaiser – Emperor of Germany • Reich – German Empire

3. CHAPTER 22Section 2Terms, People, and Places Kulturkampf William II Social Welfare

4. Kulturkampf – Bismarck’s “battle for civilization,” intended to make Catholics put loyalty to the state above their allegiance to the Church. • William II – In 1888 he succeeded his grandfather as kaiser. Confident in his abilities and wished to put his own stamp on Germany. In 1890, he shocked Europe by asking the dominating Bismarck to resign. • Social Welfare – Programs to help certain groups of people.

5. CHAPTER 21 Section 3Terms, People, and Places • Camillo Cavour • Giuseppe Garibaldi • Anarchist • Emigration

6. Camillo Cavour – In Germany, unification was brought about by the efforts of a strong state and furthered by this shrewd ruthless politician, Count Camillo Cavour. Became Prime Minister in 1852. He was a monarchist who believed in Realpolitik. • Giuseppe Garibaldi – A longtime nationalist and an ally of Mazzini. Wanted to create an Italian republic. By 1860, he recruited a force of 1,000 red-shirted volunteers. They won control of Sicily quickly. • Anarchist – Someone who wants to abolish all government. • Emigration – Movement away from one’s homeland.

7. CHAPTER 21 Section 4Terms, People, and Places • Francis Joseph • FerencDeak • Dual Monarchy

8. Francis Joseph – inherited the Hapsburg throne at the age of 18. He ruled until 1916, presiding over the empire during its fading days into WWI. • FerencDeak – A moderate Hungarian leader who helped work out a compromise that created a new political power known as the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. • Dual Monarchy – The Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.

9. CHAPTER 21Section 5Terms, People, and Places • Colossus • Alexander II • Crimean War • Emancipation • Zemstvo • Pogrom • Refugees • Duma • Peter Stolypin

10. Colossus – Giant • Alexander II – Came to throne in 1855 during the Crimean War. His reign represents the pattern of reform and repression used by his father and grandfather, Alexander I and Nicholas I. • Crimean War – War fought mainly on the Crimean Peninsula between the Russians and the British, French, and Turks from 1853-1856. • Emancipation – Granting of freedom to serfs or slaves. • Zemstvos – Local elected assembly set up in Russia under Alexander II. • Pogrom – Violent attack on a Jewish Community.

11. Refugees – A person who flees from home or country to seek refuge elsewhere, often because of political upheaval or famine. • Duma – Elected national legislature in Russia. • Peter Stolypin – In 1906 was appointed prime minister. Arrests, pogroms, and executions followed as the conservative sought to restore order. He soon realized that Russia needed reform, not just repression. He strengthened the zemstvos and improved education. To regain peasant support, he introduced moderate land reforms. Unfortunately, these reforms were too limited to meet the broad needs of most Russians, and dissatisfaction still simmered. He was assassinated in 1911.