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Understanding Electric Current: Potential Difference, Resistance, and Ohm's Law

This section explores the fundamental concepts of electric current, focusing on potential difference, resistance, and Ohm's Law. A circuit is defined as a closed path that allows electrons (e-) to flow. Potential difference, measured in volts (V), is the push that moves electrons. Current, expressed in amperes (A), indicates the flow of electrons. Resistance (Ω) opposes this flow, with its value influenced by wire thickness, length, and temperature. Ohm’s Law (V = I × R) demonstrates the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance, illustrated by example calculations.

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Understanding Electric Current: Potential Difference, Resistance, and Ohm's Law

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  1. Ch. 21 - Electricity II. Electric Current (p.598-599) Circuit Potential Difference Current Resistance Ohm’s Law

  2. A. Circuit • Circuit • closed path through which electrons can flow

  3. A. Potential Difference • Potential Difference (voltage) • difference in electrical potential between two places • large separation of charge creates high voltage • the “push” that causes e- to move from - to + • measured in volts (V)

  4. B. Current • Current • flow of electrons through a conductor • depends on # of e- passing a point in a given time • measured in amperes (A)

  5. Copper - low resistance Tungsten - high resistance C. Resistance • Resistance • opposition the flow of electrons • electrical energy is converted to thermal energy & light • measured in ohms ()

  6. C. Resistance • Resistance depends on… • the conductor • wire thickness • less resistance in thicker wires • wire length • less resistance in shorter wires • temp - less resistance at low temps

  7. E. Ohm’s Law • Ohm’s Law V: potential difference (V) I: current (A) R: resistance () V = I × R • Voltage increases when current increases. • Voltage decreases when resistance increases.

  8. V R I E. Ohm’s Law • A lightbulb with a resistance of 160  is plugged into a 120-V outlet. What is the current flowing through the bulb? GIVEN: R = 160  V = 120 V I = ? WORK: I = V ÷ R I = (120 V) ÷ (160 ) I = 0.75 A

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