Diversity Growth, Cultural Competence, and Management: A Focus on the U.S. and North Carolina

Diversity Growth, Cultural Competence, and Management:A Focus on the U.S. and North Carolina Walter C. Farrell, Jr. Professor of Management, School of Social Work Associate Director, Urban Investment Strategies Center The Frank Hawkins Kenan Institute of Private Enterprise .University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3440 farrellw@bschool.unc.edu

GUIDING QUESTIONS • Why should social workers and other human service providers be concerned about diversity? • What is the nexus of diversity issues about which human service professionals need to be concerned? • How should human service professionals go about designing practice strategies for diverse populations? • What are the potential organizational consequences of failing to effectively address a diverse client population?

Diversity Imperatives • Demographic • Social • Legal • Effective Customer/Client Service

DEMOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS1992-2050 • Over the next 60 years, the U.S. will experience continued population growth, not ZPG, as previously assumed. • Over the next 60 years, the cumulative effects of immigration will be more important than births to people already living there. • Illegal and legal immigration combined will increase the U.S. population by an average of 880,000 a year for the next six decades. However, the annual increase could be as high as 1.4 million. • 200,000 illegal immigrants will arrive each years over the next 60 years, twice the number assumed in a 1988 government report.

DEMOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS1992-2050 (Cont’d) • By 2050, the U.S. population will include 82 million people who arrived in the country after 1991 or who were born to people who did. This group of immigrants and their children will account for 21% of the U.S. population in 2050. • Childbearing rates for black, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American women will continue to be higher than for white women. • The population will continue to age over the next 60 years. Currently, the median age of the U.S. population in 33, the highest in the nation’s history. Census Bureau estimates that the median age will rise to 39 in the year 2035 and will remain at the level for 15 years. • Whites will account for a declining share of the U.S. population. The non-Hispanic segment of the white population is projected to stop growing by 2029, peaking at 208 million.

DEMOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS1992-2050 (Cont’d) • Black population will nearly double in 60 years, from 32 million today to 62 million in 2050. The Native American (American Indian) population will also double. • Asian-American population will double by 2009, triple by 2024, and quadruple by 2038. Overall, the Asian-American population will increase from 8 million today to 41 million in 2050. • Hispanic-Americans will account for more than 40 percent of all population growth in the next 60 years. The Hispanic population will increase from 24 million today to 81 million in 2050.

Rank, County, State Rank, County, State 1 San Francisco, California 16 Hoke, North Carolina 2 Manhattan Borough (NYC), New York 17 Suffolk (Boston), Massachusetts 3 Bronx Borough (NYC), New York 18 Pinal, Arizona 4 Los Angeles, California 19 Fort Bend, Texas 5 Brooklyn Borough (NYC), New York 20 Valencia, New Mexico 6 Robeson, North Carolina 21 District of Columbia 7 Rio Arriba, New Mexico 22 Sandoval, New Mexico 8 Queens Borough (NYC), New York 23 Hudson (Jersey City), New Jersey 9 Alameda (Oakland), California 24 Taos, New Mexico 10 Essex (Newark), New Jersey 25 Cook (Chicago), Illinois 11 Aleutian Islands, Alaska 26 Harris (Houston), Texas 12 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 27 Graham, Arizona 13 Dade (Miami), Florida 28 Socorro, New Mexico 14 Caldwell, Texas 29 Coconino, Arizona 15 Monterey, California 30 Chattahoochee, Georgia Source, Allen and Turner (1990) THE 30 MOST DIVERSE COUNTIES IN THE UNITED STATES

The New Melting Pot Ranked by percentage increase of immigrants from 1995 to 2000* *For states with a foreign-born population of at least 50,000 in 1995 Source: Urban Institute

U.S Population Change by Region and Race/ethnicity, July 1, 1990 to July 1, 2000 All Regions

U.S Population Change by Region and Race/ethnicity, July 1, 1990 to July 1, 2000 Northeast

U.S Population Change by Region and Race/ethnicity, July 1, 1990 to July 1, 2000 Midwest

U.S Population Change by Region and Race/ethnicity, July 1, 1990 to July 1, 2000 South

U.S Population Change by Region and Race/ethnicity, July 1, 1990 to July 1, 2000 (West)

Net Population Change Attributed to Non-White Population Growth , July 1, 1990 to July 1, 2000 (United States)

North Carolina Counties

North Carolina’s Regions Piedmont Tidewater Mountain Eastern Agricultural Zone Piedmont Technological Zone Mountain Leisure Zone Ocean Leisure Zone Coastal Plain

North Carolina Population Change by Region, Metropolitan Status, and Race/ethnicity, July 1, 1990 to July 1, 2000: (Tidewater)

North Carolina Population Change by Region, Metropolitan Status, and Race/ethnicity, July 1, 1990 to July 1, 2000: (Coastal Plain)

North Carolina Population Change by Region, Metropolitan Status, and Race/ethnicity, July 1, 1990 to July 1, 2000: (Piedmont)

North Carolina Population Change by Region, Metropolitan Status, and Race/ethnicity, July 1, 1990 to July 1, 2000: (Mountain)

Net Population Change Attributed to Non-White Population Growth , July 1, 1990 to July 1, 2000: North Carolina

Total Population Change in North Carolina for Hispanics, American Indian & Alaska Natives, and Asian & Pacific Islanders July 1, 1990 - July 1, 2000 200000 160000 Hispanic 120000 American Indian & Alaska Native Total Population 80000 Asian &Pacific 40000 Islander 0 Jul-90 Jul-91 Jul-92 Jul-93 Jul-94 Jul-95 Jul-96 Jul-97 Jul-98 Jul-99-00 Year

NORTH CAROLINA Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs), 1997 Norfolk-Virginia Beach- Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill MSA Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point MSA Newport News MSA Rocky Mount MSA Northampton Hickory-Morganton MSA Alleghany Gates Ashe Person Warren Camden Currituck Surry Stokes Granville Vance Caswell Rockingham Hertford Halifax Pasquotank Watauga Wilkes Mitchell Yadkin Forsyth Chowan Perquimans Alamance Orange Franklin Bertie Avery Guilford Durham Asheville MSA Caldwell Nash Alexander Davie Washington Yancey Edgecombe Madison Iredell Tyrrell Martin Davidson Wake Dare Burke Randolph Chatham Wilson McDowell Catawba Buncombe Rowan Pitt Beaufort Haywood Johnston Hyde Swain Lincoln Lee Greene Rutherford Cabarrus Montgomery Henderson Harnett Graham Gaston Stanly Moore Jackson Lenoir Polk Wayne Craven Cleveland Cherokee Macon Pamlico Cumberland Clay Sampson Richmond Transylvania Jones Mecklenburg Hoke Union Anson Duplin Greenville MSA Carteret Onslow Scotland Bladen Robeson Pender Goldsboro MSA Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill MSA Columbus Jacksonville MSA Fayetteville MSA New Hanover Brunswick County Status Metropolitan (25) Nonmetropolitan (65) Wilmington MSA Source: US Bureau of Census; Office of Management and Budget, 1997.

MSA Population Change in North Carolina by Race/Ethnicity July 1, 1990 to July 1, 2000 Metropolitan 1990 1999 Percent Race/ Ethnicity Absolute Statistical Area Population Population Change Change

MSA Population Change in North Carolina by Race/Ethnicity (cont.) July 1, 1990 to July 1, 2000 Metropolitan 1990 1999 Percent Race/ Ethnicity Absolute Statistical Area Population Population Change Change

MSA Population Change in North Carolina by Race/Ethnicity (cont.) July 1, 1990 to July 1, 2000 Metropolitan 1990 1999 Percent Absolute Race/ Ethnicity Change Raleigh-Durham- White 628,522 780,374 151,852 24.16% Statistical Area Population Population Change Chapel Hill, NC Black 209,630 265,012 55,382 26.42% Counties included: Hispanic 11,071 29,106 18,035 162.90% 1. Chatham 2. Durham American Indian/ 2,308 3,375 1,067 46.23% 3. Franklin Alaskan Native 4. Johnston 5. Orange Asian & Pacific 14,515 30,704 16,189 111.53% 6. Wake Islander Total 866,046 1,108,571 242,525 28.00%

MSA Population Change in North Carolina by Race/Ethnicity (cont.) July 1, 1990 to July 1, 2000 Metropolitan 1990 1999 Percent Race/ Ethnicity Absolute Statistical Area Population Population Change Change

Hispanic Population Change in North Carolina by County (>100% change) July 1, 1990 to July 1, 2000 1990 1999 Absolute Percent County Population Population Change Change

Hispanic Population Change in North Carolina by County (>100% change) July 1, 1990 to July 1, 2000 1990 1999 Absolute Percent County Population Population Change Change (cont.)

Asian & Pacific Islander Population Change in Georgia by County (>100% change) July 1, 1990 to July 1, 2000 1990 1999 Absolute Percent County Population Population Change Change

KEY DIVERSITY DEFINITIONS CULTURAL COMPETENCE– embodies the knowledge, attitudes, skills, and protocols that allow an individual or organization to render services across cultural lines in an optimal manner. The possession of cultural competence enables individuals/service providers to respond with respect and empathy to people of all races, classes, religions, and ethnic backgrounds that recognizes, affirms, and values the worth of individuals, families, and communities.

KEY DIVERSITY DEFINITIONS, (cont.) RACE- In its biological sense, a category of people distinguished by such inherited physical characteristics as skin color, certain facial features, and quality and form of hair. Behind the term is an extremely vague, misleading, and intractable folk concept about how people are to be categorized.

KEY DIVERSITY DEFINITIONS, (cont.) Any category of people within a larger society who possess distinctive social or cultural traits, shared history, and a sense of their commonness, regardless of the group's size, power, race (the perception of certain common biological traits), or time of immigration. ETHNIC GROUP -

KEY DIVERSITY DEFINITIONS, (cont.) DISCRIMINATION—Behavior that denies equal treatment to people because of their membership in some group—parallels the beliefs, feelings, fantasies, and motivations of prejudice. Stereotypes, or generalizing beliefs about others; ethnocentrism, which judges others on the basis of one's own group standards; and racism, rooted in the notion of the biological inferiority of other groups, are all related to prejudice and often entwined with it. Ethnic slurs, such as wetback, whitey, Polack, etc. are usually expressions of prejudice.

KEY DIVERSITY DEFINITIONS, (cont.) OPPRESSION - Subjugation, persecution, and lacking freedom to move because of the application of unjust social, political, or economic forces. The root word of oppression, press, suggests the meaning: "weighing heavily on, applying pressure to, and hence flattening and immobilizing." Oppression and oppressor are strong, often inflammatory, and sometimes overused or misused terms.

KEY DIVERSITY DEFINITIONS, (cont.) MINORITY STATUS- A minority is a group that differs in some respect from the mainstream population or a member of that group. An ethnic minority group, for example, shares cultural attributes different from those of the dominant group in a society.

KEY DIVERSITY DEFINITIONS, (cont.) PREJUDICE- An attitude toward a category or group of people or toward individuals by virtue of their membership in the group. Although this attitude may be favorable or positive, common usage connotes (and sociological usage denotes) an unfavorable or disparaging attitude, including bigotry and hatred.

KEY DIVERSITY DEFINITIONS, (cont.) REVERSE DISCRIMINATION - A form of discrimination against members of a dominant group (also called "reverse racism"). Normally the emphasis in the term, as used mainly by White people, is on the irony in a policy of discriminating against one group in order to rectify discrimination against members of another. Affirmation action is often interpreted as reverse discrimination. The term has been a code word among those who criticize advances in civil rights that offer the same advantages to other groups that mainstream White people have long enjoyed. Thus, the user of the term is likely to blame minorities for anything that seems to hold back the user's economic advancement, at the same time blaming minorities for not pulling ahead by their own efforts.

Diversity Growth, Cultural Competence, and Management: A Focus on the U.S. and North Carolina