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The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes. By: Julia Lawrence, Robert June, and Zach Beecher. Ramifications of a Flexible C ell S urface.

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The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

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  1. The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes By: Julia Lawrence, Robert June, and Zach Beecher

  2. Ramifications of a Flexible Cell Surface • As a cell grows, The cell needs to add surface area without adding volume. The is achieved by Infolding. Infolding creates more surface area without increasing the volume of the cell. • Having a flexible surface also helps the exchange materials with the envirnment rapidly enough to grow and live.

  3. Endosymbiosis and Organelles • Endosymbiosis – The theory of endosymbiosis is that some organelles have been taken from prokaryotes by ancient eukaryotes. • Initially, the organelle had a function to detoxify oxygen by reducing it to water. Now, this organelle is the mitochondria, which makes ATP for our bodies.

  4. Niches of the Protista • Most protists are aquatic. They live in mostly marine environments. Some are microscopic like plankton. Some can grow larger than a football field. (kelp) • The two largest groups are Algae and protozoans. Algae are photosynthetic protists. Protozoans are heterotrophic.

  5. Protista Locomotion and diversity • Eukaryotes have different forms of transportation. The most common are cilia, flagella, and the pseudopods. • The surfaces of the cells can also be different. Some have just a membrane, but most have a stiffer structure to maintain it’s integrity. • Another difference is the vacuoles. Some protists use contractile vacuoles, and some use digestive vacuoles.

  6. Relationships Among Eukaryotes • Eukaryotes can be divided into five groups • Chromalveolates • Plantae • Excavates • Rhizaria • Unikonts

  7. Chromalveolates • Clade of photosynthetic organisms with cellulose in all cell walls • Divided into three groups • Alveolates • Consists of Apicomplexans, Dinoflagellates and Ciliates • Stramenopiles • Consists of Brown Algae, Diatoms and Oomycetes • Haptophytes

  8. Plantae • A mostly photosynthetic Clade that can be further divided into • Glaucophytes • Red Algae • Chlorophytes • Land Plants • Charophytes

  9. Excavates • Contains many varied clades, some of which lack mitochondria. • Major clades include: • Diplomonads and Parabasalids • Heteroloboseans • Euglenids and Kinetoplastids

  10. Rhizaria • Unicellular aquatic eukaryotes Split into: • Cercozoans • Foraminiferans • Radiolarians

  11. Unikonts • A large clade that is close to the root of the Eukaryote tree and consists of two groups • Opisthokonts • Fungi, Animals, and Choanoflagellates • Amobozoans • Loboseans, Plasmodial slime molds and Cellular slime molds

  12. Sources • http://myweb.dal.ca/asimpso2/euktree.jpg • http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/img/news/2012/figure_2_10_Macrocystis_pyrifera_23.jpg • http://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Images/7634/s006_big.jpg • http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_FeaU01D-3wI/Sf6zDjkJu6I/AAAAAAAAAaU/pORIDQehxBc/s400/acetabularia_sp_UBCBG.jpg • http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8431/7727993664_94edf2bdb9_z.jpg • http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/91/1/F1.medium.gif • http://www.rivertank.com/AluminumPlant.jpg • http://www.kinetoplastids.com/content/figures/1475-9292-6-4-5.jpg • http://www.thaigoodview.com/files/u19951/ia_lamblia_genome_sequenced-50226711-giardia.jpg • http://www.examiner.com/images/blog/wysiwyg/image/naegleria2(3).jpg • http://comenius.susqu.edu/biol/202/rhizaria/cercozoae/radiolaria/Radiolaria/pleuraspis-protozoa-guide.jpg

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