Biology End of Course Test (EOCT) Study Guide

1. Biology End of Course Test (EOCT) Study Guide Venecia R Stewart, Ed.S. Honors & General Biology Teacher Campbell High School

2. Characteristics of Living Things • Made of one or more cells • Unicellular-made of one cell • Multicellular-made of more than one cell • Displays organization • Grows and develops • Reproduces • Asexual-organism reproduces by itself • Sexual-organism has to have two different cells from different organisms • Responds to stimuli-Ex. Smell, sound, taste, sight, light, heat • Requires energy-Ex. Metabolism- the sum total of all of the chemical reactions that take place in the body • Maintains homeostasis-constant internal temperature • Adaptations/Evolve over time

3. Two Parts of an Experiment • Control Group • Standard for comparison • Does not receive the variable • Receives the placebo • Experimental Group • Receives the variable • Only test for one variable at a time

4. Independent vsDependent variable • Independent variable—one factor should only be tested at one time in an experiment • (the one that “I” change); can be manipulated • Dependent variable—the result from the independent variable • The outcome of the experiment

5. Scientific Method • Hypothesis • Educated guess • Tentative explanation about an event or occurrence in nature • Theory • A hypothesis that has been proven over and over again • STEPS • State and Observe the Problem • Form a hypothesis • Test the hypothesis or Experiment • Record & Analyze the Data • Form a conclusion • Replicate Your Work

6. Levels of Organization Cellular Level • Atom-basic unit of matter • Molecule • Organelles • cell (smallest unit of living matter • Tissue • Organ • Organ system • Organism

7. Levels of Organization • Ecological Level • Individual • Population • Community • Ecosystem • Biotic factors • Abiotic factors • Biome • Biosphere

8. Mutualism • Mutualism—both organisms benefit from a relationship. • Example—bird living on top of a rhino. The bird eats the insects off of the rhino and the rhino protects the bird.

9. Commensalism Commensalism—when one organism benefits from a relationship, and the other is not helped or harmed. Example—bird living in a tree. Example-barnacles on a whale.

10. Parasitism • Parasitism—one organism is helped and the other is harmed • Example—a tapeworm takes all of the host’s food • Example-heartworms in a dog’s heart

11. Food Chain • Food Chain • Simplest feeding relationship • Organisms are arranged in a linear sequence

12. Food Web • A food web is a complex series of food chains.

13. Ecological Terms • Detritus-is non-living particulate organic material. It typically includes the bodies or fragments of dead organisms as well as fecalmaterial. • Saprophytes-An organism, especially a fungus or bacterium, that grows on and derives its nourishment from dead or decaying organic matter. • Decomposers-break down decaying or dead organisms and return their nutrients back into the soil; also known as saprotrophs • Detritivore-An organism that feeds on and breaks down dead plant or animal matter, returning essential nutrients to the ecosystem. Detritivores include microorganisms • Scavenger-feeds on dead and decaying organic matter present in its habitat

14. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) • Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is an organic compound that contains carbon, chlorine, and fluorine, produced as a volatile derivative of methane and ethane • Destroys the ozone layer

15. Biomagnification • “Biomagnification is the process whereby the tissue concentrations of a contaminant increase as it passes up the food chain through two or more trophic levels.” - Nowell and others, 1999 • Bioaccumulation – “General term describing a process by which chemicals are taken up by an organism either directly from exposure to a contaminated medium or by consumption of food containing the chemical.” – U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010

16. Biomagnification

17. Trophic Levels The bottom of the energy pyramid is the plants/producers which are autotrophs. As you move up the food chain, you have consumers (primary eats the plants and are herbivores, secondary eats plants and animals and are omnivores, and the tertiary consumers are usually carnivores and are known as top predators.)

18. Trophic Levels

19. Energy Pyramid • 90% of energy is lost to heat and only 10% of the energy moves up the pyramid. That means that the top predator gets very little energy, but primary consumers that eat the plants get a lot more energy.

20. Pyramids of Numbers & Biomass

21. Describe the water, carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen cycles. • All matter in the universe is neither destroyed nor created. Nutrients on earth are recycled as well.

22. Water Cycle

23. Carbon Cycle

24. Nitrogen Cycle

25. Phosphorus Cycle

26. Greenhouse Effect

27. Primary Succession. • Primary succession is when there is just rock, and no soil for the plants to grow on • It is a very slow process • Lichens and moss (pioneer species) are examples of the first organisms to grow.

28. Secondary Succession • Secondary succession is when there is soil left by a natural disaster. For instance, a tornado or flood does not wash away all soil, giving succession a base for growing plants.

29. Aquatic & Terrestrial Biomes • Marine—salt water biome that covers most of the earth. • Freshwater—lakes, rivers, and streams • Tundra—cold, no trees, has a layer of permafrost. Canada, Alaska, Northern Russia; • Taiga—cold, northern forest that has conifers. Also called boreal forest. Canada, Alaska, etc. Animals include reindeer, moose, etc. • Desert—hot during the day, and cold at night. Very little to no rain. Northern Africa, South Western United States • Grassland—Midwest United States. Good for farming, very little trees, herbivore and grazing animals are abundant. Moderate rainfall and moderate to cold temperatures. • Temperate forest—Georgia is an example of temperate forest in the North Georgia Mountains. Deer, fox, raccoons, bobcats. Moderate to cold temperatures and moderate rainfall. • Tropical rain forest—very rainy. Biomass is in the trees. Poor soil. Abundance of animals and the most diverse species. South America is an example; usually has a temperature of 25 C.

30. Carrying Capacity • The carrying capacity is the maximum number of organism that an environment’s resources can sustain. • If the population exceeds the carrying capacity, then individuals will die because of lack of resources.

31. Population Growth Curves

32. Dispersion Patterns Random occurs when individuals are spaced, in a patternless, unpre- dictable way. Dandelions and white-tailed deer are examples. Uniform is an even pattern of Dispersion that results in interactions among individuals of a population. Creosote bush and black Bears are examples Clumped is when individuals are aggregated into patches, is the most common in nature. Elephants and the American Bison are clumped in groups or herds.

33. Biodiversity • Indigenous species • A species that naturally occurs in a particular environment or ecosystem • Introduced species • A species that humans have placed into an ecosystem or community (either accidentally or intentionally) in which it does not naturally occur.

34. Density-Independent and Density DependentFactors • Density independent factors are abiotic factors that occur regardless of the size of the population. Examples are hurricanes, floods, and other weather factors. • Density dependent factors are biotic factors that depends on the size of the population. Competition, disease, and predation are examples of these factors.

35. Biotic vs Abiotic Factors

36. CompetitionHow does competition effect a population? Competition can affect population size. The larger the population, the greater the competition will occur. Organisms will compete for space, food, and mates.

37. What is demography? How does birth rate, death rate, immigration, and emigration effect demography? • Demography is the study of the human population • Birth rate—increases population • Death rate—decreases population • Immigration—organisms coming INTO a population will increase the population size • Emigration—organisms EXITING a population will decrease the population size

38. Describe the structure of an atom. • Protons (positive charge) • Neutrons (no charge) make up the dense nucleus of the atom. Neutrons and protons have an atomic size of 1 • Electrons (negative charge) orbit in the shells around the nucleus. Electrons are very small in comparison to protons and neutrons and have a mass of 0.

39. Macromolecules/Organic Compounds • Name Subunit Function Examples • Lipids TriglyceridesLong term storage of energy Fats, waxes, oils Make up membranes • Carbohydrates Monosaccharide Short term energy Sugars Main source of energy Starches • ProteinsAmino Acids Muscle building Hemoglobin Storage, transport Hormones, enzymes • Nucleic Acids Nucleotides Stores/transmits genetic informationDNA, RNA

40. Enzymes? How do they work? • Enzymes are proteins. They are biological catalysts. An enzyme will bind to a substrate to speed up reactions. The enzymes will not be used up in the reaction. It just lowers the activation energy needed to start a reaction. • HINT! Remember: reactants  products

41. Describe the properties of water and how they support life on Earth. • Water is the most abundant compound on Earth's surface, constituting about 75% of the planet's surface. In nature it exists in liquid, solid, and gaseous states. Many substances dissolve in water and it is commonly referred to as the universal solvent. • Water is a polar molecule because the oxygen side is slightly negative and the hydrogen side is slightly positive. The three atoms are constantly at a “tug of war” for their electrons. This polarity helps water to bind to other substances.

42. Types of Bonds • Covalent Bonds-share their electrons, are strong bonds • Hydrogen bonds-are weak bonds; hold nitrogenous bases together • Ionic bonds-transfer electrons • Peptide bonds-join amino acids together

43. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes • Prokaryotesare simple cells with no nucleus. An example would be bacteria. • Eukaryoteshave a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. An example would be plant and animal cells.

44. The Cell Theory

45. Functions of the following organelles: • Nucleus—the center of the cell that controls all activities. “The Brain” • Ribosome—site of protein synthesis. On the Rough ER • Smooth ER-synthesizes lipids • Mitochondria—converts sugar into ATP for use in the cell. “Powerhouse” of the cell • Chloroplast—converts sunlight into glucose (sugar) for energy “Chlorophyll FILLS the chloroplast” Only in plant cells. Where photosynthesis takes place in the leaves. • Cell (Plasma) Membrane—a semi-permeable structure that regulates what comes in and out of the cell, “Gatekeeper of the Cell” • Golgi Apparatus-packages, modifies, secretes, and ships proteins to other parts of the cell • Cell Wall—Only in plant cells. This is a rigid structure that is outside the cell membrane. It provides structure/shape and protection. • Lysosome—Uses enzymes to clean the cell of worn out parts or waste. “Cleans like Lysol!” • Vacuole—Mainly in plant cells. Stores water, minerals, and food. Usually the largest structure in the plant cell. If the vacuole is filled, then the plant appears normal. If the vacuole is empty, the plant leave appear to be wilted. • Cilia—hairlikestructures on the outside of the cell that help the cell move and capture food • Flagella—one long hairlike structure that helps the cell move. Example is sperm cells. • Cytoplasm—a jelly like substance within a cell that fills the space. All reactions in the cell occur here.

46. Plasma/Cell Membrane

47. Explain the difference between hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions and how this effects movement across cell membranes. • Hypotonic solutions—There is more water (solvent) on the outside of the cell then on the inside. The result is water rushes into the cell making it swell and possibly burst. “You swell up like a hippo in a hypotonic solution. • Hypertonic solutions—There is more water on the inside of the cell than on the outside. The result is that all of the water rushes out making the cell shrink. • Isotonic solution—concentrations in the cell and outside the cell are equally. There is no NET movement of concentration.

48. Osmotic Solutions

49. Osmotic Solutions

50. Passive Transport • Passive transport—transport across a cell membrane that requires no energy. The molecules move down its concentration gradient from high to low! (like rolling down a hill!) Examples of passive transport— Osmosis—diffusion of WATERacross a selectively permeable membrane Diffusion—passive transport mainly of gases Facilitated diffusion-passive transport of substances using a carrier protein