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Chapters 11 & 14

Chapters 11 & 14. Empty slide to keep flashcards in order. 1. Who is named the “ Father of Genetics ?” 2. Why did he use pea plants?. 1. Gregor Mendel 2. To study the inheritance of traits a nd they reproduced quickly. What is pure bred, true breeding, or homozygous mean?

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Chapters 11 & 14

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  1. Chapters 11 & 14

  2. Empty slide to keep flashcards in order

  3. 1. Who is named the “Father of Genetics?” 2. Why did he use pea plants?

  4. 1. Gregor Mendel 2. To study the inheritance of traits and they reproduced quickly

  5. What is pure bred, true breeding, or homozygous mean? What type of offspring results when you cross two pure “true” breedingparents with different traits? What are the offspring of two parents called?

  6. Both alleles are either dominant or recessive AA or aa All hybrid (Aa) offspring result F1 generation Aa

  7. What results when the offspring (F1) of true breeding parents self-pollinate?

  8. Rr x Rr R r R r RR Rr Rr rr Genotype Ratio: 1 RR: 2 Rr: 1 rr Phenotype Ratio: 3 Round: 1 Wrinkled

  9. What is probability? What is the probability of getting heads when you flip a penny?

  10. Probability: The chance of something happening! ½ or 50%

  11. Why did we keep increasing the number of flips of our penny in the “Coin Toss” lab?

  12. The higher the number of trials you perform, the more likely you are to get the expected outcome (probability). ½ heads, ½ tails

  13. If you toss a coin 6 times in a row, what is the probability it will land heads for all 6 tosses?

  14. If you toss a coin 6 times in a row, what is the probability it will land heads for all 6 tosses? ½ x ½ x ½ x ½ x ½ x ½ = 1/64

  15. What is the “Principle of Independent Assortment?”

  16. During gamete formation, genes for different traits separate without influencing the other. Foil each parent to get 4 gametes G g Y y GY Gy gY gy

  17. Be able to define: Compete Dominance Incomplete Dominance Co-Dominance

  18. Complete Dominance The dominant trait (G) over shadows the recessive trait (g) and only the dominant trait shows up in the phenotype. Incomplete Dominance Neither trait is dominant over the other and a new trait is displayed. BLENDING!!! Red flowers crossed with white flowers make pink flowers. Co-Dominance Both traits are equally displayed and neither is dominant over the other. ABO blood types: A blood x B blood = AB blood

  19. Describe the genotypes and phenotypes of each blood type: • Type A • Type B • Type AB • Type O

  20. Describe the genotypes and phenotypes of each blood type: AB has same genotype and phenotype

  21. What are polygenic traits?

  22. What are polygenic traits? Traits that have a wide variety of color ranges such as eye colors, hair color, skin color.

  23. How many different gametes would you get from the following parent? A A B b C c D d E E F F G g H h

  24. First determine how many different letters are there for each letter type then multiply! A A B bC cD dE EF FG gH h 1 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 1 x 1 x 2 x 2 = 32 gametes

  25. Can this parentAaBBccDdeeFfGgHH have a child with the following genotype? Why or why not? A A B b C c D d E E F F G g H h

  26. Can this parent AaBBccDdeeFfGgHH have a child with the following genotype? Why? NO, because the parent would need to have a big E in their genotype in order for the child to have 2 EE’s. A A B b C c D dE EF F G g H h

  27. Know what forms from the sex cells in females and males! Female Male 4 Sperm are produced 1 Egg and 3 polar bodies are produced

  28. Know the stages of Meiosis I & II The chromatids pull apart during Meiosis I I The paired, homologous chromosomes come together during Meiosis I to make Tetrads 4 genetically different cells result at the end of Meiosis Haploid =one set of chromosomes

  29. When does crossing over occur during Meiosis? Why is this important?

  30. During Prophase I Important for GENETIC DIVERSITY!!

  31. What is this picture called? What 4 things are shown from this picture?

  32. What is this called? Karyotype • Shows: • Autosomes= all chromosomes # 1 - 22 chromosome pairs (not sex chromosomes) • Sex Chromosomes • (XX= female or XY= male) # 23 pair • Homologous Chromosomes = chromosomes that code for the same traits and pair up with each other • Inherited Disorders (ex: Down’s, Turner’s, Kleinfelter’s, Super males/females)

  33. What is non-disjunction?

  34. Non-disjunction–When chromosome pairs don’t separate properly during Meiosis I Can involve all types of chromosomes (sex, autosomes, homologous)

  35. What chromosomal disorder is this on the #21 pair? #21

  36. Down’s Syndrome (Trisomy 21) #21

  37. What chromosomal disorder is this on the sex chromosome? XXY

  38. Kleinfelter’s Syndrome XXY

  39. What chromosomal disorder is this on the sex chromosome? XO

  40. Turner’s Syndrome XO

  41. Who determines the sex of the offspring? Mother or Father Why? What is probability of getting a girl? A boy?

  42. Father determines sex of offspring He provides either an X or a Y to pair up with the mother’s X to make a boy or girl 50% chance of Boy 50% chance of Girl

  43. What is this picture called? • What do each of the shapes and shading combinations represent? • How many generations are shown?

  44. Normal Male Normal Female Female with Trait Carrier Female Male with Trait Carrier Male Line = Marriage Pedigree Chart = shows how a trait is passed from one generation to the next. 3 Generations

  45. Be able to describe the differences between: MeiosisandMitosis Be able to describe the advantages and disadvantages between: Asexual andSexual Reproduction

  46. Know the term Sex-linked genes/traits and how the key and Punnett square would look. What chromosome carries these types of traits? XBXb x XbY female carrier x male colorblind ? ? Phenotypes: 1 Female/Carrier 1 Female/Colorblind 1 Male/Normal 1 Male/Colorblind

  47. Know the term Sex-linked genes/traits and how the key and Punnett square would look. What chromosome carries these types of traits? • Sex-linked gene/trait–Traits linked to sex chromosomes such as hemophilia or colorblindness XBXb x XbY female carrier x male colorblind Phenotypes: 1 Female/Carrier 1 Female/Colorblind 1 Male/Normal 1 Male/Colorblind • Sex-linked traits only carried on X • Y doesn’t carry traits

  48. Know the definitions of the following vocabulary terms: • Allele • Gametes • Genes • Genetics • Karyotype • Pedigree • Probability • Punnett Square

  49. Allele- Different forms of a gene • Gametes- Sex Cells (egg & sperm) • Gene- Part of a chromosome; codes for traits • Genetics- Study of how traits are passed generation to generation • Karyotype- Picture of all chromosomes matched up - looking for sex and the presence of abnormal # of chromosomes • Pedigree- Family tree (picture) shows passing of trait from one generation to the next generation • Probability - Chance of something happening • Punnett Square- Chart showing offspring’s trait probabilities

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