Chapters 14, 15, 16

1. Chapters14, 15, 16 Oceanography

2. Oceanography Essential Questions 1 . How does topography of the ocean floor compare with that on land? 2. What factors affect the density of ocean water? 3. What are the three main zones of the open ocean? 4. How do ocean currents affect climate? 5. How are density currents formed?

3. The Topography of the Ocean

4. Mapping the Ocean Floor 14.2 Ocean Floor Features  The ocean floor regions are the ____________margins, the ocean ________floor, and the mid-ocean _______.

5. ______________Margins 14.2 Ocean Floor Features  A____________marginis the zone of transition between a ___________and the adjacent ocean ________floor.  In the Atlantic Ocean, thick layers of _________ __________cover the continental margin. This region has very little _________or ______________activity.

6. Atlantic Continental Margin

7. Continental Margins 14.2 Ocean Floor Features  In the Pacific Ocean, oceanic crust ________beneath continental crust. This force results in a _________continental margin that experiences both _________activity and _____________.

8. Continental Margins 14.2 Ocean Floor Features  Continental ________ • A continental __________is the gently sloping submerged _________extending from the _____________. • Continental ___________contain important ___________deposits, large reservoirs of _____and natural _______, and huge _______and ___________deposits.

9. Continental Margins 14.2 Ocean Floor Features  Continental Slope_______ • A continental _________is the steep gradient that leads to the deep-ocean __________and marks the seaward ________of the continental _______. • A submarine ___________is the seaward extension of a ___________that was cut on the continental __________during a time when sea level was lower—a ___________carved into the outer continental shelf, slope, and rise by turbidity currents. • A turbidity _________is the downslope movement of dense, ___________-laden water created when _____and ______on the continental ______and _________are dislodged and thrown into suspension.

10. Submarine Canyons

11. Continental Margins 14.2 Ocean Floor Features  Continental _________ • A continental ________is the gently sloping surface at the base of the continental ________.

12. Ocean ___________Floor 14.2 Ocean Floor Features  The ocean _________floor is the area of the deep-ocean floor between the continental _________and the oceanic ________.  Deep-Ocean _____________ • ____________form at the sites of plate _____________where one moving plate descends beneath another and plunges back into the mantle.

13. Ocean ___________Floor 14.2 Ocean Floor Features  Abyssal _____________ • An abyssal __________is a very level area of the deep-ocean ___________, usually lying at the foot of the continental ___________. • The _____________that make up abyssal plains are carried there by turbidity ___________or are deposited as suspended sediment settles out.  ___________and ___________ • A_______________is an isolated volcanic peak that rises at least _________meters above the deep-ocean floor, and a _________is an eroded, submerged ____________________.

14. Abyssal Plain Cross Section

15. Mid-Ocean ______________ 14.2 Ocean Floor Features  A mid-ocean __________is found near the center of most ocean basins. It is an interconnected system of underwater mountains that have developed on newly formed ocean crust.  Seafloor ______________ • Seafloor _______________is the process by which plate tectonics produces new oceanic lithosphere at ocean ridges. • New ocean floor is formed at mid-ocean ___________as magma rises between the ______________plates and cools.

16. Mid-Ocean ______________ 14.2 Ocean Floor Features  Hydrothermal __________ • Hydrothermal ___________form along mid-ocean ______________. These are zones where mineral-rich water, heated by the hot, newly-formed oceanic crust, escapes through cracks in the oceanic crust into surrounding water.

17. _______________ 15.1The Composition of Seawater  ____________is the total amount of solid material dissolved in water.  Because the proportion of dissolved substances in seawater is such a small number, oceanographers typically express __________in parts per _____________.  Most of the salt in seawater is ________ _____________, common table ________.

18. ___________ 15.1 The Composition of Seawater  Sources of Sea __________ • _____________weathering of rocks on the continents is one source of elements found in seawater. • The second major source of elements found in seawater is from Earth’s _____________.

19. Salts in Seawater

20. _______________ 15.1 The Composition of Seawater  Processes Affecting ______________ • Processes that decrease _________________: - Precipitation - Sea ice ___________ - Icebergs ________________ - ________________from land • Processes that increase ___________________: - Evaporation - __________________of sea ice

21. Natural Processes Affecting Salinity

22. Ocean Temperature _______________ 15.1 The Composition of Seawater  The ocean’s surface water temperature varies with the amount of solar _____________received, which is primarily a function of _______________.  Temperature Variation with _____________ • The_____________is the layer of ocean water between about ____meters and ______meters where there is a rapid change of temperature with depth. • The______________is a very important structure because it creates a barrier to marine life.

23. Variations in Ocean Surface Temperature

24. Variations in Ocean Water Temperature

25. Ocean ____________Variation 15.1The Composition of Seawater  __________is defined as ________per unit __________. It can be thought of as a measure of how heavy something is for its size.  Factors Affecting Seawater ____________ • Seawater ____________is influenced by two main factors: __________and ______________.

26. Ocean _________________Variation 15.1 The Composition of Seawater  ______________Variation with Depth • The___________is the layer of ocean water between about _____meters and _______meters where there is a rapid change of density with depth.

27. Variations in Ocean Water Density

28. Ocean _____________ 15.1 The Composition of Seawater  Oceanographers generally recognize a three-layered structure in most parts of the open ocean: a shallow _________mixed zone, a ___________zone, and a ________zone.  _______________Zone • Shallow (300 to 450 meters) • Zone of mixing • _______-warmed zone

29. Ocean ___________ 15.1The Composition of Seawater  ____________Zone • Between ________layer and ___________zone • Thermocline and pycnocline  ___________Zone • ____________never reaches this zone. • Temperatures are just a __________degrees above freezing. • Constant high-density water

30. Ocean Zones

31. Classification of Marine __________ 15.2 The Diversity of Ocean Life  Marine _____________can be classified according to where they live and how they move.  ______________ • __________include all organisms—algae, animals, and bacteria—that drift with ocean currents. • _______________are algal plankton, which are the most important community of primary producers in the ocean. • __________________are animal plankton.

32. ______________

33. Classification of Marine ___________ 15.2 The Diversity of Ocean Life  __________ • ____________include all animals capable of moving ______________of the ocean currents, by swimming or other means of propulsion.  ____________ • ___________describes organisms living on or in the ocean _____________.

34. ____________

35. _____________

36. Marine Life __________ 15.2 The Diversity of Ocean Life  Three factors are used to divide the ocean into distinct marine life _______: the availability of ________, the distance from _________, and the water __________.  Availability of ___________ • The_______________zone is the upper part of the ocean into which ____________penetrates.

37. Marine Life _____________ 15.2 The Diversity of Ocean Life  Distance from ___________ • The_____________zone is the strip of land where the land and ocean meet and overlap, or the zone between high and low ___________. • The__________zone is the marine-life zone that extends from the low-_________line out to the shelf _______________. • The______________zone is the marine-life zone beyond the continental _____________.

38. Marine Life Zones

39. Marine Life Zones 15.2 The Diversity of Ocean Life  Water ____________ • The______________zone is open zone of any depth. Animals in this zone swim or float ______. • The __________zone is the marine-life zone that includes any sea-__________surface regardless of its distance from _____________. • The______________zone is a subdivision of the ___________zone characterized by extremely high pressures, low temperatures, low oxygen, few nutrients, and no sunlight.

40. Marine Life Zones 15.2 The Diversity of Ocean Life  Hydrothermal ____________ • Here seawater seeps into the ocean ___________through ___________in the crust. • At some _____________, water temperatures of 100oC or higher support communities of organisms found nowhere else in the world.

41. Hydrothermal Vents

42. Tube Worms Found Along Hydrothermal Vents

43. Surface Circulation 16.1 Ocean Circulation  Ocean ________________is the mass of ocean water that flows from one place to another.  Surface _____________ • Surface _______________are movements of water that flow horizontally in the upper part of the ocean’s surface. • Surface ________________develop from friction between the ocean and the wind that blows across its surface.

44. Ocean Surface Currents

45. Surface Circulation 16.1 Ocean Circulation  ______________ • __________________are huge circular-moving current systems that dominate the surfaces of the oceans. • The_________________effectis the deflection of currents away from their original course as a result of Earth’s rotation.

46. Surface Circulation 16.1 Ocean Circulation  Ocean _____________and ___________ • When _______________from low-latitude regions move into higher latitudes, they transfer heat from warmer to cooler areas on Earth. • As cold water ________________travel toward the equator, they help moderate the warm temperatures of adjacent land areas.

47. False-Colored Satellite Image of the Gulf Stream

48. Surface Circulation 16.1 Ocean Circulation  _________________ • __________________is the rise of cold water from deeper layers to replace warmer surface water. • _______________brings greater concentrations of dissolved nutrients, such as nitrates and phosphates, to the ocean surface.

49. Effects of Upwelling

50. Deep-Ocean Circulation 16.1 Ocean Circulation  ________________Currents • ________________currents are vertical currents of ocean water that result from density differences among water masses. • An increase in seawater _______________can be caused by a decrease in temperature or an increase in salinity.