Understanding Representative Expression in Bibliographic Records

1. Module 15 Representative Expression Representative Expression RDA Training Task Group: Monographs Standing Committee on Training December 2023 This work is licensed under CC BY 4.0. To view a copy of this license, visit: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 1

2. Learning Outcomes At the end of this module, you will be able to: • Understand the background for defining representative expressions • Describe a representative expression • Give examples of representative expression elements • Explain how to record representative expression elements in MARC 21 bibliographic and authority records 2

3. The LRM bibliographic universe Work is realized through Expression is embodied in Manifestation is exemplified by Item 3

4. The LRM bibliographic universe. Relationships 4

5. The LRM bibliographic universe. Relationships RDF triples that link the WEMI entities Subject (Domain) Predicate (Relationship) Work => has expression of work => Object (Range) Expression Expression => has manifestation of expression => Manifestation Manifestation => has exemplar of manifestation => Item 5

6. The LRM bibliographic universe. Relationships Subject (Domain) Predicate (Relationship) Object (Range) Work => has expression of work => Expression Alice in Wonderland => has expression of work => Carroll’s English- language text Expression => has manifestation of expression => Manifestation Carroll’s English- => language text has manifestation of expression => 1865 publication by Macmillan 6

7. The LRM bibliographic universe. Attributes • In the model, entities have attributes (called attribute elements in RDA) that may be used to describe instances of an entity and distinguish instances from each other • At the model level, entities must be defined so that they do not overlap • Attributes used to describe one entity cannot be defined for use with another entity 7

8. RDA Attribute Elements (Original text). Work 8

9. RDA Attribute Elements (Original text). Expression 9

10. RDA Attribute Elements (Official text). Work (Selected) • category of work • coverage of content • dissertation or thesis information • extension plan • frequency • history of work • nature of content • note on metadata work • note on work • numbering of part • recording source • scope of validity • system of organization 10

11. RDA Attribute Elements (Official text). Expression (Selected) • aspect ratio • award • capture information • category of expression • colour • content type • designation of version • details of … elements and subelements • duration • extent of expression • form of notation • format of notated music • intended audience of expression • interactivity mode • key of expression • language of expression • medium of performance of choreographic content • medium of performance of musical content • note on expression • projection of cartographic content • scale • summarization of content 11

12. The problem • Entity-relationship principles require strict boundaries between the entities in terms of the attributes that can be used to describe them • The new Toolkit is quite clear about what the domain of each element is • This means that the element can only be used to describe an instance of its named domain • This is necessitated by requirements of linked data structures • But people don’t necessarily think of the bibliographical universe in these terms • In particular, database users often associate attributes of expression with works 12

13. The problem • For example, many think of the work Alice’s adventures in Wonderland as: • A novel • Work element: category of work • A text • Expression element: content type • In English • Expression element: language of expression • For children • Expression element: Intended audience expression of 13

14. The problem • Under original RDA it was inappropriate to include language or content type in a description (i.e., authority record) for a work and under the (new) official text it will also be inappropriate to record intended audience because none of these is (or will be) an element that can be used to describe a work entity: 046 ## $k 1865 $2 edtf 100 1# $a Carroll, Lewis, $d 1832-1898. $t Alice's adventures in Wonderland 336 ## $a text $2 rdacontent 377 ## $a eng 380 ## $a Novels $a Fantasy fiction $a Nonsense fiction $2 lcgft 385 ## $a Children $2 lcdgt 400 1# $a Carroll, Lewis, $d 1832-1898. $t Alice in Wonderland 14

15. The problem • Catalogers clearly want to record this type of information in descriptions of works and they’re not wrong to want to, though original RDA didn’t allow it. From the current NAF: 046 ## $k 1967-09 $l 1969-01 130 #0 $a Ballantonian (Bloomington, Ind.) 370 ## $g Bloomington (Ind.) $2 naf 377 ## $a eng 380 ## $a College student newspapers and periodicals $2 lcsh 510 2# $w r $i Sponsoring body: $a Indiana University College 670 ## $a The Ballantonian records, 1967-1969 $b (The Ballantonian; weekly liberal arts review run by Indiana University students and sponsored by the English Department; journal ran from September 1967 to January 1969) 15

16. The problem 046 ## $k 1891 $2 edtf 100 1# $a Verlaine, Paul, $d 1844-1896. $t Romances sans paroles 377 ## $a fre 380 ## $a Poetry $2 lcgft *** 100 1# $a Ralphson, G. Harvey $q (George Harvey), $d 1879-1940. $t Boy Scouts in an airship 377 ## $a eng 380 ## $a Action and adventure fiction $a Novels $2 lcgft *** 046 ## $k 1973 $2 edtf 100 1# $a Ducharme, Réjean. $t Hiver de force 377 ## $a fre 380 ## $a Novels $2 lcgft 16

17. The solution: Representative expression • New concept introduced with LRM • Initially one possibility was to choose an expression as the “representative expression” of a work • Instead, however, the final published LRM defined an attribute of work called representative expression attribute: “An attribute which is deemed essential in characterizing the work and whose values are taken from a representative or canonical expression of the work” 17

18. Representative expression in official RDA • RDA adopted both the concept of representative expression (a relationship element) as well as representative expression attributes (work-level attribute elements) 18

19. Representative expression (relationship element) Subject (Domain) Predicate (Relationship) Object (Range) Work => has representative expression => Expression Alice in Wonderland => has representative expression => 1865 English-language text 19

20. Representative expression (relationship element) MARC authority record expressing this relationship 046 ## $k 1865 $2 edtf 100 1# $a Carroll, Lewis, $d 1832-1898. $t Alice's adventures in Wonderland 500 1# $w r $i Representative expression: $a Carroll, Lewis, $d 1832-1898. $t Alice's adventures in Wonderland. $l English. $f 1865 [hypothetical authorized access point for the 1865 English- language expression] 20

21. Representative expression (relationship element) 046 ## $k 2003 $2 edtf 100 1# $a Schwartz, Stephen. $t Wicked 380 ## $a Musicals $2 lcsh 500 1# $w r $i Representative expression: $a Schwartz, Stephen. $t Wicked. $h Notated music. $f 2003 500 1# $w r $i Representative expression: $a Schwartz, Stephen. $t Wicked. $h Performed music. $f 2003 has representative expression 046 ## $k 2003 $2 edtf 100 1# $a Schwartz, Stephen. $t Wicked. $h Notated music. $f 2003 336 ## $a notated music $2 rdacontent 377 ## $a eng has representative expression 046 ## $k 2003 $2 edtf 100 1# $a Schwartz, Stephen. $t Wicked. $h Performed music. $f 2003 336 ## $a performed music $2 rdacontent 377 ## $a eng 667 ## $a Performance by the original cast recorded November 10, 2003 in New York, New York. 21

22. Representative expression (relationship element) 046 ## $k 1995 $2 edtf 100 1# $a Bach, P. D. Q., $d 1742-1807. $t Little pickle book 380 ## $a Musical parodies $2 lcsh 400 1# $a Bach, P. D. Q., $d 1742-1807. $t Pöckelbüchlein 500 1# $w r $i Representative expression: $a Bach, P. D. Q., $d 1742- 1807. $t Little pickle book. $h Notated music. $f 1995 500 1# $w r $i Representative expression: $a Bach, P. D. Q., $d 1742- 1807. $t Little pickle book. $h Performed music. $f 1995 has representative expression 046 ## $k 1995 $2 edtf 100 1# $a Bach, P. D. Q., $d 1742-1807. $t Little pickle book. $h Notated music. $f 1995 336 ## $a notated music $2 rdacontent 377 ## $a eng has representative expression 046 ## $k 1995 $2 edtf 100 1# $a Bach, P. D. Q., $d 1742-1807. $t Little pickle book. $h Performed music. $f 1995 336 ## $a performed music $2 rdacontent 377 ## $a eng 500 1# $w r $i Performer: $a Schickele, Peter 667 ## $a Performance by Peter Schickele recorded April 11, 1995 in Hoople, North Dakota. 22

23. Representative expression elements Works with textual aspects • colour content of representative expression • content type of representative expression • date of representative expression • extent of representative expression • intended audience of representative expression • language of representative expression • script of representative expression 23

24. Representative expression elements Works with moving image aspects • aspect ratio of representative expression • colour content of representative expression • content type of representative expression • date of capture of representative expression • date of representative expression • duration of representative expression • extent of representative expression • intended audience of representative expression • language of representative expression • medium of performance of choreographic content of representative expression • medium of performance of musical content of representative expression • place of capture of representative expression • sound content of representative expression 24

25. Representative expression elements Works with audio aspects • content type of representative expression • date of capture of representative expression • date of representative expression • duration of representative expression • extent of representative expression • intended audience of representative expression • key of representative expression • language of representative expression • medium of performance of choreographic content of representative expression • medium of performance of musical content of representative expression • place of capture of representative expression • sound content of representative expression 25

26. Representative expression elements Works with notated music aspects • content type of representative expression • date of representative expression • duration of representative expression • extent of representative expression • intended audience of representative expression • key of representative expression • language of representative expression • medium of performance of choreographic content of representative expression • medium of performance of musical content of representative expression • script of representative expression 26

27. Representative expression elements Works with cartographic aspects • colour content of representative expression • content type of representative expression • date of representative expression • extent of representative expression • intended audience of representative expression • language of representative expression • projection of cartographic content of representative expression • scale of representative expression • script of representative expression 27

28. Metadata Description Set Example Work has creator agent of work has preferred title of work has category of work has date of work has language of representative expression has content type of representative expression has intended audience of representative expression has authorized access point for work Carroll, Lewis, 1832-1898 Alice's adventures in Wonderland Novels ; Fantasy fiction ; Nonsense fiction 1865 English text Children Carroll, Lewis, 1832-1898. Alice’s adventures in Wonderland 28

29. Metadata Description Set Example Work has creator agent of work has preferred title of work has category of work has date of work has content type of representative expression has language of representative expression has date of capture of representative expression has place of capture of representative expression has duration of representative expression has authorized access point for work Schwartz, Stephen Wicked Musicals 2003 performed music ; notated music English November 10, 2003 New York (N.Y.) 70 min., 40 sec. Schwartz, Stephen. Wicked 29

30. Metadata Description Set Example Work has creator agent of work has preferred title of work has category of work has date of work has content type of representative expression has language of representative expression has date of capture of representative expression has place of capture of representative expression has duration of representative expression has duration of representative expression has authorized access point for work Bach, P. D. Q., 1742-1807 Little pickle book Musical parodies 1995 performed music ; notated music English April 11, 1995 Hoople (N.D.) approximately 6 min. [performance time found on score] 9 min., 52 sec. [actual performance time of this recording] Bach, P. D. Q., 1742-1807. Little pickle book 30

31. MARC coding • Representative expression elements are work-level attributes; they can be recorded in authority records for works and in bibliographic records • All representative expression elements except key of representative expression and medium of performance of musical content of representative expression are recorded in MARC field 387 31

32. MARC coding: 387 subfield codes $a - Aspect ratio of representative expression (R) $b - Color content of representative expression (R) $c - Content type of representative expression (R) $d - Date of capture of representative expression (R) $e - Date of representative expression (R) $f - Duration of representative expression (R) $g - Intended audience of representative expression (R) $h - Language of representative expression (R) $i - Place of capture of representative expression (R) $j - Projection of cartographic content of representative expression (R) $k - Scale of representative expression (R) $l - Script of representative expression (R) $m - Sound content of representative expression (R) $0 - Authority record control number or standard number (R) $1 - Real World Object URI (R) $2 - Source of term (NR) $3 - Materials specified (NR) $6 - Linkage (NR) $8 - Field link and sequence number (R) 32

33. MARC coding: key and medium of performance • Representative expression elements are work-level attributes; they can be recorded in authority records for works and in bibliographic records • Key of representative expression is recorded in MARC field 384, first indicator 2, subfield $a. • Medium of performance of musical content of representative expression is recorded in MARC field 382, first indicator 2 (for full medium of performance) or 3 (for partial medium of performance). Subfield coding for MARC field 382 has not changed. • There is no provision (yet) for medium of performance of choreographic content of representative expression. 33

34. MARC coding example 046 ## $k 1939 $2 edtf 130 #0 $a Wizard of Oz (Motion picture : 1939) 380 ## $a Motion pictures $a Action and adventure films $a Fantasy films $a Musical films $a Fiction films $2 lcgft 387 ## $c two-dimensional moving image $2 rdacontent [content type of representative expression] 387 ## $i Culver City (Calif.) $2 naf [place of capture of representative expression] 387 ## $h eng [language of representative expression] 387 ## $d 1938-10-13/1939-03-16 $2 edtf [date of capture of representative expression] 387 ## $b monochrome $b polychrome $2 rdacc [colour content of representative expression] 387 ## $a 1.37:1 [aspect ratio of representative expression] 387 ## $f 102 min. [duration of representative expression] 34

35. MARC coding examples: key and medium of performance 046 ## $k 1913 $2 edtf 100 1# $a Debussy, Claude, $d 1862-1918. $t Syrinx 380 ## $a Art music $2 lcgft 382 0# $a flute $n 1 $s 1 $2 lcmpt 382 2# $a flute $n 1 $s 1 $2 lcmpt 046 ## $k 1994 $2 edtf 100 1# $a Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, $d 1756- 1791. $t Concertos, $m violin, orchestra, $n K. 211, $r D major 380 ## $a Concertos $2 lcgft 382 0# $b violin $n 1 $a orchestra $e 1 $r 1 $t 1 $2 lcmpt 382 2# $b violin $n 1 $a orchestra $e 1 $r 1 $t 1 $2 lcmpt 383 ## $a no. 2 383 ## $c K. 211 $d Köchel6 $2 mlati 384 0# $a D major 384 2# $a D major 046 ## $k 1890 $2 edtf 100 1# $a Glazunov, Aleksandr Konstantinovich, $d 1865-1936. $t Mechty 380 ## $a Chamber music $2 lcgft 382 0# $a horn $n 1 $a piano $n 1 $s 2 $2 lcmpt 382 2# $a horn $n 1 $a piano $n 1 $s 2 $2 lcmpt 383 ## $b op. 24 384 0# $a D♭ major 384 2# $a D♭ major 35

36. MARC coding examples Expression 046 ## $k 1907 $2 edtf 100 0# $a Homer. $t Odyssey. $l Greek $s (Allen) 336 ## $a text $2 rdacontent 377 ## $a grc 381 ## $a Allen 381 ## $a Scriptorum classicorum bibliotheca Oxoniensis 500 1# $w r $i Editor: $a Allen, Thomas W. $q (Thomas William), $d 1862-1950 530 #0 $w r $i Related work: $a Scriptorum classicorum bibliotheca Oxoniensis Work 046 ## $k -07 100 1# $a Homer. $t Odyssey 380 ## $a Epic poetry $2 lcgft 387 ## $h grc 387 ## $c text $2 rdacontent Expression 046 ## $k 1504 $2 edtf 100 0# $a Homer. $t Odyssey. $l Greek $s (Manuzio) 336 ## $a text $2 rdacontent 377 ## $a grc 381 ## $a Manuzio 500 1# $w r $i Editor: $a Manuzio, Aldo, $d 1449 or 1450-1515 36

37. Summary • RDA entities are completely distinct from one another. Each RDA element describes one (and only one) RDA entity (i.e., the domain of the element). • Since some expression elements are considered significant for the description and distinction of works, RDA specifies these elements and provides a corresponding set of work elements known as representative expression elements. • Values for a representative expression element can come from any expression that may be assumed to be an original or canonical realization of the work. For example, a value of language of representative expression could be the original language. 37

38. Summary • RDA also defines a relationship element (representative expression) to relate a work to an expression that is considered a canonical source of data for identifying the work. • Representative expression elements may be recorded in MARC bibliographic and work authority records in field 387 (or 384 first indicator 2 for key of representative expression, or 382 first indicator 2 or 3 for medium of performance of musical content of representative expression). 38