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Variations Stratégiques et Vieillissement

Variations Stratégiques et Vieillissement. Patrick LEMAIRE Master 1 – EAV . Vieillissement et Stratégies . Existe-t-il des variations stratégiques au cours du vieillissement? Si oui, lesquelles? Ces variations sont-elles déterminantes des différences jeunes-âgés?

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Variations Stratégiques et Vieillissement

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  1. Variations Stratégiques et Vieillissement Patrick LEMAIRE Master 1 – EAV

  2. Vieillissement et Stratégies • Existe-t-il des variations stratégiques au cours du vieillissement? Si oui, lesquelles? • Ces variations sont-elles déterminantes des différences jeunes-âgés? • Quels sont les facteurs affectant ces variations stratégiques? • Quels sont les mécanismes à la base des variations stratégiques?

  3. No Strat. Variations ------------------------------- Memory Glynn et al.,83; Rankin et al.,84; Rice & Meyer, 85; Wodd & Pratt, 87; Parkinson et al., 82; Hertzog & Dunlosky, 98 Language Cohen & Faulkner, 83; Stine, 96 Problem solv. Reason., and Decision Making Salthouse & Prill, 87; Salthouse, 87; Salthouse et al., 90; Lemaire & Arnaud, 2008 Strategic Variations ------------------------------ Memory Cimbalo & Brink, 82; Thomas, 85; Sanders et al., 80; Verhaeghen & Marcoen, 94 Language Adams et al., 90; Reder et al., 86 Problem solv. Reason., and Decision Making Charness, 81, 82; Salthouse et al., 88; Lemaire et al., 2004; Mata et al., 2007 STRATEGIC VARIATIONS AND COGNITIVE AGING

  4. No appropriate conceptual framework ---------------------------- What are the right questions? No appropriate methodological approach ----------------------------- How to best investigate strategic variations? STRATEGIC VARIATIONS AND COGNITIVE AGING: Limits of previous works

  5. Repertoire Distribution Execution Selection Aspects of Strategic Changes Changes Lemaire & Siegler, 95, JEP:Gen.

  6. Dimensions (Variations) Stratégiques • Répertoire: Liste des stratégies disponibles pour une tâche donnée • Distribution: Fréquence d’utilisation des stratégies disponibles • Exécution: Performances (Vitesse, précision) obtenue avec chaque stratégie • Sélection: Choix stratégique (sur chaque type de problème, dans chaque type de situation).

  7. Age-related differences in Strategy Repertoire Do young and older adults use the same strategies to accomplish cognitive tasks?

  8. Strategy identification methods Direct approach Indirect approach

  9. Direct approach: Principle Collecting as many external behavioral evidence (verbal reports, video-recordings, direct observ°) of strategies as possible

  10. Direct approach: Example of arithmetic 12 - 9 / 4 - 3 16 - 7 Direct Retrieval Finger Counting Arnaud & Lemaire, 2008 (Cortex)

  11. Two-digit addition problem solving: Use of 9 strategies Lemaire & Arnaud, 2008 (AJP)

  12. Effect of Age on Number of Strat. * Lemaire & Arnaud, 2008 (AJP)

  13. Aging, EF, & Strategy Repertoire -63% -89% -91% Hodzik & Lemaire, 2011

  14. Indirect approach: Principle « The use of multiple strategies is inferred from the patterns of speed and accuracy that arise as a function of the factors that define the stimulus set » (Lemaire & Reder, 1997, p. 365)

  15. Indirect Approach: Example 1 8x5 < 41 vs. 8x5< 47

  16. RT differences -> Strategy Differences Exhaustive verification Approximate verification Duverne & Lemaire, 2004 (JoG:PS)

  17. Age x Problem * Duverne & Lemaire, 2004 (JoG:PS)

  18. Small Large Fixation First Second operand Second operand ERP Data Young Older 215 ms El Yagoubi, Lemaire, & Besson, 2005 (JoCN)

  19. Vieillissement et Variations Stratégiques.Recherches actuelles: Parity-rule violation effects TR 4x17=64 4x17=67 Lemaire & Reder, 1997

  20. Vieillissement et Variations Stratégiques.Recherches actuellesFive-rule violation effects TR ? 5x17=90 5x17=89 5x17=84

  21. Vieillissement et Variations Stratégiques:Recherches actuelles • Five-rule violation only: 27x5=143 • Parity-rule violation: 26x5=125 • Five-/Parity-rule violation: 29x5=142 • No-rule violation: 67x5=345

  22. Predictions w/ rule violation RT FV PV NV FPV 27x5=143 26x5=125 67x5=345 29x5=142

  23. Repertoire Distribution Aspects of Strategic Changes Changes Lemaire & Siegler, 95 (JEP:Gen).

  24. How many dots?

  25. Age effects on % use of Benchmark Gandini, Lemaire, & Dufau (2009)

  26. Vieillissement et Distributions Strategiques 43 + 58 23 - 9

  27. Vieillissement, Distributions Stratégiques en mémoire épisodique

  28. Repertoire Distribution Selection Aspects of Strategic Changes Changes Lemaire & Siegler, 95, JEP:Gen.

  29. Computational estimation 43 x 59 Rounding – Down 40 x50 Rounding – Up 50 x60 Task: Select the best strategy to find the best estimate

  30. Age-related changes in best strategy selection

  31. Repertoire Distribution Execution Selection Aspects of Strategic Changes Changes Lemaire & Siegler, 95, JEP:Gen.

  32. Comptage et additions répétées: TR

  33. Aging, EF, Strategy Selection -44% -39% -39% Hodzik & Lemaire, 2011

  34. Aging, Processing Speed, and Strategy Selection -70% Age Duverne & Lemaire, 2004

  35. Problem Size Effects 3x4 7x8 4x6 9x7 2x3 6x9 Repeated Additions Retrieval 3.9 sec. 18.8 sec.

  36. Benchmark vs. Anchoring Age effects on Strategy Execution: Numerosity Estimation NO-CHOICE CHOICE Benchmark Anchoring Gandini, Lemaire, & Dufau (2008)

  37. Age x Strategies (no-choice latencies) Gandini, Lemaire, & Dufau (2009)

  38. L R Postcentral Gyrus Insula Benchmark Strategy in Young Adults

  39. Numerical comparison tasks e.g., Chochon, Cohen, van de Moortele, & Dehaene, 1999; Dehaene, 1996 Phonological loop/articulatory processes e.g., Paulesu, et al., 1993; Venkatram, et al., 2005 Benchmark strategy Retrievaing Memory representations of numerosities PostcentralGyrus selection of one of the potential candidates Insula

  40. Occipital Areas: • Middle Gyrus Inferior Parietal Lobule • Lingual Gyrus PrecentralGyrus L R Postcentral Gyrus Insula Benchmark strategy in Older Adults

  41. Aging & Strategic Variations:New Directions Issue 1: Strategy selection: Strategy repetition effects Issue 2: Strategy execution: Strategy sequential difficulty effects

  42. Strategy Selection: Strategy Repetition One-Prime Two-Prime 61x37 52x46 36x24 61x37 36x24 52x46 jkmekl jkmekl Lemaire & Leclère, revision

  43. Aging & Strategy Repetitions Leclere & Lemaire, submitted

  44. Strategy Repetitions during Normal and Pathological Aging Leclere & Lemaire, submitted

  45. Strategy Execution: Strategy Sequential Difficulty Effects 52 x 63 RD 47 x 23 MR 56 x 69 RU 47 x 23 MR

  46. Strategy Sequential Difficulty Effects 1591 ms* 180 ms* 277 ms* Uittenhove & Lemaire, 2012 Uittenhove & Lemaire, in press

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