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Variations in Health

Variations in Health. Variations in Health. -Describe variations in health as reflected by changes in life expectancy national and global scales since 1950. -Explain patterns and trends in terms of differences in income and lifestyle.

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Variations in Health

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  1. Variations in Health

  2. Variations in Health -Describe variations in health as reflected by changes in life expectancy national and global scales since 1950. -Explain patterns and trends in terms of differences in income and lifestyle.

  3. The World Health Organisation defines health as ‘a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being’.

  4. Morbidity – The level of sickness, numbers of people who are sick, prevalence of disease. Mortality – The level of deaths, numbers of people dying due to sickness. Epidemiology – The study of the factors affecting the health, morbidity and mortality of populations. Closely linked to Geography as the factors will vary spatially and will be place specific.

  5. Measuring Mortality Life Expectancy It is an AVERAGE. Pollution levels, conflict, occupation, shelter, food, medical facilities, income, literacy. You can split the total population into different groups (cohorts) to compare some of these differences within a population. Rich v poor, urban v rural, male v female, ethnic groups, age groups. Life expectancy figures can be affected by high IMR. If you survive infancy you could live much longer than the life expectancy figures suggest.

  6. Mortality trends MEDCs main increase in life expectancy in late industrial revolution. Due to improved sanitation, water, housing, reduction in pollution, improved medical care. In 1870 life expectancy Manchester - 29 years Sheffield – 33 years

  7. Mortality trends LEDCs main increases in life expectancy in second half of twentieth century due to improved medical care particularly immunisation programmes such TB and Polio, successful eradication “Roll back Malaria” programmes in Asia and South America.

  8. Mortality trends Malaria continues to kill between 1 and 3 million people a year mainly in Sub Saharan Africa. HIV Aids has had a huge impact on populations. SARS, Asian Bird Flu, potential pandemics?

  9. HIV Aids Botswana , 39% adults infected, burden on females (biologically more at risk, males with multiple partners, female carers) ARVs now used to keep people with HIV alive.

  10. LEDC ____________________________________ MEDC Infectious diseases ____________ Degenerative diseases Diseases of Poverty ____________ Diseases of Affluence Epidemiological Transition Model Cancer, Heart and circulatory disease, Obesity, Type two diabetes, Alzheimer's disease. Aids, Cholera, Tuberculosis, Diarrhoea, Malaria, Typhoid, Yellow fever, Dengue fever, measles, Polio, Perinatal deaths (in first week of life).

  11. Endogenetic (from inside) Congenital diseases from birth and degenerative diseases resulting from old age. Exogenetic (from outside) Environmental conditions, social habits and hazards. Disease Categories

  12. Exogenetic Factors LEDCS and MEDCS compared LEDC Nutrition (being underweight) The environment (unsafe water , sanitation and hygiene) Poor living standards (indoor smoke from solid fuels – mainly wood) Social norms and disease such as HIV/AIDS (unsafe sex). MEDC Lifestyle causing high blood pressure (stress) Physical inactivity (heart disease, diabetes) Leisure activities (tobacco and alcohol and illicit drugs) Nutrition (being overweight, high cholesterol levels, low fruit and vegetable intake).

  13. Global Variations in Health and Income 1950

  14. Global Variations in Health and Income 1980

  15. Global Variations in Health and Income 2009

  16. Notes and questions Make notes using the following resources; Study Guide page 120 - Variations in health Geofile GF578 Global patterns of death disease and health Gapminder.org 200 years that changed the world Wealth and health of nations Graph of Life Expectancy / GDP per capita Use your notes and the resources to answer the questions; -Describe variations in health as reflected by changes in life expectancy national and global scales since 1950. (4) -Explain patterns and trends in terms of differences in income and lifestyle. (6)

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