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Variations in Consciousness

Variations in Consciousness. Levels of Awareness . Controlled Automatic Daydreaming Altered states (meditation, hypnosis, drug use) Sleep Freud’s Unconscious Unconscious. Biological Clocks. Circadian Rhythm- biological clock that is programmed for 24-25 hours (1 Day)

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Variations in Consciousness

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  1. Variations in Consciousness

  2. Levels of Awareness • Controlled • Automatic • Daydreaming • Altered states (meditation, hypnosis, drug use) • Sleep • Freud’s Unconscious • Unconscious

  3. Biological Clocks • Circadian Rhythm- biological clock that is programmed for 24-25 hours (1 Day) • Light- Receptors in retina- Hypothalamus (suprachiasmatic nucleus SCN)- Pineal Gland- secretion of melatonin • High levels of melatonin = drowsiness • Body temperature also plays a role

  4. Morning or Night Person? • Depends on body temperature • Morning person- temp. rises more quickly and peaks earlier in the evening

  5. Ignoring Circadian Rhythms • Jet Lag, working the Grave Yard shift, sleep deprivation • Decreased productivity • Accident- prone • Quality of social relationships suffer • Decrease immune system functioning- lower T-cell count

  6. Measuring the Stages of Sleep • Sleep Labs • EEG (brain waves) • EMG (muscle tension) • EOG (eye movement)

  7. EEG patterns in sleep

  8. Stages of Sleep • Awake- Beta waves • Drowsy- Alpha waves • Stage 1- Theta waves • 1-7 minutes • Very light stage; easily awoken • Hypnic jerks

  9. Stages of Sleep • Stage 2- theta waves & mixed EEG • Sleep spindles • Respiration, heart rate, muscle tension, and body temperature continue to decline • 10-25 minutes

  10. Stages of Sleep • Stages 3 & 4- Delta (Slow-wave) sleep • 30-45 minutes • Deepest stage of sleep • Sleepwalking (Somnambulism) can occur • Secretion of growth hormones which controls levels of metabolism, physical growth, and brain development • Repeat stages backwards

  11. Stages of Sleep • Stage 5-REM • Paradoxical sleep- beta waves • 20% of sleep time • All voluntary muscles paralyzed • Occurs about 4 times a night about 15-45 min each • Remembering dreams • REM “Rebound Effect”

  12. Brain areas involved in sleep • No single “sleep center” or “sleep chemical” • RAS, Pons, Medulla, Thalamus, Hypothalamus • Serotonin & Gaba

  13. Evolutionary Bases of Sleep • Conservation Theory- sleep helps to conserve organisms’ energy • Immobilization Theory- sleep reduces exposure to predators • Restorative Theory- sleep helps to restore energy and other resources depleted during the day

  14. Cultural Variations in Sleep • Co-sleeping • Siesta Cultures

  15. Sleep Disorders • Insomnia • 35% • Causes: anxiety, depression, use of stimulants • Treatments: benzodiazepine medications (sedatives) effect GABA synapses • Narcolepsy • .05% • Cause seems to be entirely genetic • Treatment: stimulant drugs

  16. Sleep Disorders • Sleep Apnea • 2-4% usually between ages 30-60 • Nightmares • Cause: stress • Frequent nightmares might reflect emotional disturbances • Night/Sleep terrors • Occur in NREM sleep usually stage 4 • Feel panic; may wake up crying or screaming

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