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Variations in Consciousness

This article delves into the multifaceted nature of consciousness, from controlled and automatic awareness to daydreaming and altered states. It examines the biological basis of circadian rhythms and how light receptors influence melatonin secretion and sleep patterns. The impact of sleep disorders like insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea on overall health is explored, along with cultural variations in sleep practices. Additionally, the article reviews the stages of sleep via EEG patterns, emphasizing the importance of sleep for mental and physical restoration.

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Variations in Consciousness

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  1. Variations in Consciousness

  2. Levels of Awareness • Controlled • Automatic • Daydreaming • Altered states (meditation, hypnosis, drug use) • Sleep • Freud’s Unconscious • Unconscious

  3. Biological Clocks • Circadian Rhythm- biological clock that is programmed for 24-25 hours (1 Day) • Light- Receptors in retina- Hypothalamus (suprachiasmatic nucleus SCN)- Pineal Gland- secretion of melatonin • High levels of melatonin = drowsiness • Body temperature also plays a role

  4. Morning or Night Person? • Depends on body temperature • Morning person- temp. rises more quickly and peaks earlier in the evening

  5. Ignoring Circadian Rhythms • Jet Lag, working the Grave Yard shift, sleep deprivation • Decreased productivity • Accident- prone • Quality of social relationships suffer • Decrease immune system functioning- lower T-cell count

  6. Measuring the Stages of Sleep • Sleep Labs • EEG (brain waves) • EMG (muscle tension) • EOG (eye movement)

  7. EEG patterns in sleep

  8. Stages of Sleep • Awake- Beta waves • Drowsy- Alpha waves • Stage 1- Theta waves • 1-7 minutes • Very light stage; easily awoken • Hypnic jerks

  9. Stages of Sleep • Stage 2- theta waves & mixed EEG • Sleep spindles • Respiration, heart rate, muscle tension, and body temperature continue to decline • 10-25 minutes

  10. Stages of Sleep • Stages 3 & 4- Delta (Slow-wave) sleep • 30-45 minutes • Deepest stage of sleep • Sleepwalking (Somnambulism) can occur • Secretion of growth hormones which controls levels of metabolism, physical growth, and brain development • Repeat stages backwards

  11. Stages of Sleep • Stage 5-REM • Paradoxical sleep- beta waves • 20% of sleep time • All voluntary muscles paralyzed • Occurs about 4 times a night about 15-45 min each • Remembering dreams • REM “Rebound Effect”

  12. Brain areas involved in sleep • No single “sleep center” or “sleep chemical” • RAS, Pons, Medulla, Thalamus, Hypothalamus • Serotonin & Gaba

  13. Evolutionary Bases of Sleep • Conservation Theory- sleep helps to conserve organisms’ energy • Immobilization Theory- sleep reduces exposure to predators • Restorative Theory- sleep helps to restore energy and other resources depleted during the day

  14. Cultural Variations in Sleep • Co-sleeping • Siesta Cultures

  15. Sleep Disorders • Insomnia • 35% • Causes: anxiety, depression, use of stimulants • Treatments: benzodiazepine medications (sedatives) effect GABA synapses • Narcolepsy • .05% • Cause seems to be entirely genetic • Treatment: stimulant drugs

  16. Sleep Disorders • Sleep Apnea • 2-4% usually between ages 30-60 • Nightmares • Cause: stress • Frequent nightmares might reflect emotional disturbances • Night/Sleep terrors • Occur in NREM sleep usually stage 4 • Feel panic; may wake up crying or screaming

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