VARIATIONS IN SPECIES

1. VARIATIONS IN SPECIES • DEFINE: VARIATIONS • DEFINE & CALCULATE: MEAN, MEDIAN, & MODE • QUESTION # 5 (WHAT KIND OF MEASUREMENT OTHER THAN LENGTH…)

2. MEAN- The average number. Multiply the frequency by length for each frequency; add these products together and divide by the total number of specimens. MEDIAN – The middle number (the value with the same # of items above and below it). Divide the total number of items by 2, call this number “n”. Find which measurement (starting with least) contains the “n” term. This value is the median. MODE – The value with the highest frequency. VARIATIONS – the differences by which individual within a species are identified. The two large halves of the bean seed are modified leaves containing stored food which will be used by the young plant as it grows. Which of the seeds that you measure would have the most stored food? What kind of measurement other than length would give a better answer to the previous question? VARIATIONS IN SPECIES

3. MUTANTS IN BACTERIA • Define: colonies, pathogenic, zone of inhibition, nutrient agar, pure culture tube • What does presence of bacteria in zone indicate? • Review sterile transfer technique.

4. MUTANTS IN BAC • Colonies- clusters of bac • Pathogenic- bac that causes disease • Zone of Inhibiton- clear area around antibiotic disc that prevents bacterial growth- bac susceptible to the antibiotic • Nutrient agar-gelatin substance w/ substances that allows for bacterial growth • Pure culture tube- contains one strain of bac species

5. Sterile Transfer Technique • QUICK RUNDOWN • Hold inoculating loop in DOMINANT HAND • Hold pure culture tube and sterile agar tube in NON-DOMINANT HAND • Flame loop and mouths of test tubes before transfer of bac • Flame once again after transfer • Cap both test tubes

6. PROTIST LAB KINGDOM PROTISTA - Eukaryotic • Algae- plant-like protist • Protozoan- animal-like protist

7. PARAMECIUM- UNICELLULAR- HETEROTROPHIC

8. BLEPHARISMA- UNICELLULAR- HETEROTHROPHIC

9. EUGLENA-UNICELLULAR ALGAE - AUTO/ HETEROTROPHIC

10. SPIROGYRA-FILAMENTOUS ALGAE - AUTOTROPHIC

11. HYDRODICTYON- COLONIES/ “WATER NET”- AUTOTROPHIC

12. Moss Alternation of Generations • Gametophyte (1N) dominant generation – produces gametes in antheridium (M) and archegonium (F) by mitosis. • Gametes fuse to form sporophyte (2N), which produces 1N spores by meiosis. Each spore becomes a new gametophyte.

13. MOSSArchegonium & Antheridia - Form haploid gametes (MITOSIS)

15. FERN SPOROPHYTE & GAMETOPHYTE (ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS)

16. FERN SPOROPHYTE (2N) • Produces haploid spores by meiosis in sporangium • Is the DOMINANT generation of life cycle • Sporangia are found in sori on underside of fronds

17. FERN GAMETOPHYTE (N) - PROTHALLUS • Prothallus makes haploid gametes by MITOSIS • Eggs made in archegonium (female) • Sperm made in antheridium (male) • Fusion of gametes produces diploid sporophyte plant that sprouts directly out of the prothallus.

19. ANGIOSPERM REPRODUCTION • Is this flower perfect or imperfect? • If it had only female “parts”? Pistillate • If it had only male “parts”? Staminate

20. PISTIL (CARPEL) • Where does fertilization occur? • What types of cells are found in the ovary? • What does the ovary become?

21. STAMENPollen produced in the anther of the stamen.

23. STEMS

24. MONOCOT STEM • What characteristic identifies this as a monocot stem? • Where is the xylem? Phloem?

25. DICOT STEM • What characteristic of this stem identifies it as a dicot?

26. VASCULAR BUNDLE – DICOT STEM

28. PRIVET LEAF CROSS SECTION - ID & know fxn of spongy cells, palisade cells, stoma

29. ID stoma/ upper/ lower epidermis

30. PLANARIABody symmetry & nervous system?

31. PLANARIA REGENERATION • Why can planaria regenerate? • What is different about the regenerated tissue? • What 3 things are necessary for regeneration?

32. MONOCOT (CORN) & DICOT (BEAN) SEEDS • What are the 3 parts of all seeds?

33. CLAM • Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia • Locate and know the purpose of: gills, mantle, and foot • Characteristic of Phylum Mollusca? Soft-bodies & shells

35. EARTHWORM • Phylum Annelida Class Oligochaeta • Identify crop, gizzard, seminal vesicles, pharynx, and clitellum, and intestine

37. GRASSHOPPERPhylum Arthropoda/ Class Insecta*spiracles - fxn / Malpighian tubules - 3 pairs of legs/ 3 body regions

38. CRAYFISHPhylum Arthropoda/ Class Crustacea *carapace & cheliped • gills/ Green gland • 10 pairs of legs/ 2 body regions (cephalothorax & abdomen)

39. JELLYFISH • Phylum Cnidaria • What organisms belong to the same phylum? Anemones, coral • Characteristic of the phylum? Stinging cell • Type of symmetry?

40. PERCH DISSECTION ID & FXN: fins, lateral line, swim bladder, kidney

41. SKELETAL MUSCLE – multinucleated, heavy cross striations

42. CARDIAC MUSCLE – single nucleus, slight striations, branched, intercalated discs

43. SMOOTH MUSCLE – 1 nucleus, involuntary, no striations, spindle-shaped *viscera

44. OSTEON – structural & functional unit of bone *Haversian canal, lacuna, canaliculi, lamella

45. BRAIN – cerebrum, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary

46. MOTOR END PLATE – motor neuron, where is the axon?

47. SPINAL CORD CROSS SECTION Where are the associative, motor, and sensory neurons?

48. EYE – sclera, iris, lens, retina, cornea, choroid