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Chapter 13 The Interwar Years 1919-1939

Chapter 13 The Interwar Years 1919-1939. Western powers wished to divide up China and claim the natural resources available there. China wanted to have a “closed door” to the Western world. What was happening in China when we last visited there?.

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Chapter 13 The Interwar Years 1919-1939

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  1. Chapter 13 The Interwar Years1919-1939

  2. Western powers wished to divide up China and claim the natural resources available there. China wanted to have a “closed door” to the Western world. What was happening in China when we last visited there?

  3. Austria, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, and Russia all claimed exclusive trading rights to certain parts of China. They were dividing China into "spheres of influence.“ Businesses hoped to take advantage of China's vast resources. Trading Rights

  4. A secret society, known as the Fists of Righteous Harmony, attracted thousands of followers. Foreigners called members of this society "Boxers" because they practiced martial arts. The Boxers also believed that they had a magical power, and that foreign bullets could not harm them. Millions of "spirit soldiers," they said, would soon rise from the dead and join their cause. Fists of Righteous Harmony A Boxer in 1900

  5. Other nations feared the Boxers. They sent troops who looted the capital and even ransacked the Forbidden City. Disguised as a peasant, the empress dowager escaped the city in a cart. She returned to the Forbidden City a year later, but the power of the Ch'ing dynasty was destroyed forever. Boxer Rebellion Defeated Empress Dowager Defeated

  6. Dissatisfaction with the Imperial government led to the rise of Sun Yixian (Yatsen) He was the Leader of the Kuomintang which was China’s Nationalist Party Overthrows Qing Emperor in 1911 and becomes China’s first president, but… Sun could not unite China Sun Yatsen Formation of the Chinese Republic

  7. Turns over presidency to a top general who overturns democratic reforms China becomes a military dictatorship overrun by warlords Warlords

  8. 1. Read the Inside Story. What was going on in China in 1934? 2. What were the 2 groups who were fighting? 3. Who led the Communists? 4. Who led the nationalists? 5. Which group was forced to flee? Section 1Unrest in Asia and Africa

  9. Following World War I, nationalist feeling increased in Asia and Africa. The resulting unrest continued into the 1930s. 6. In what year did China declare war on Germany and why did they join the Allies? 7. What nation got the lands China wanted after the war? 8. What did China believe the Versailles Treaty signified? China after World War I

  10. Many intellectual Chinese turned against Western Democracy (as you might imagine they would considering how the democracies treated China) Communist Party Lead by former university asst. librarian Mao Zedong Influence by the Russian Revolutions of 1917 The Communist Party in China

  11. Student of Marxism However, he believed the communist revolutions would not begin with urban factory workers, but with RURAL PEASANTS “The force of the peasantry is like that of the raging winds and driving rain. It is rapidly increasing in violence. No force can stand in its way. Mao Zedong

  12. On May 4, 1919 over 3,000 angry Chinese students gathered in Beijing to protest the Treaty of Versailles Demonstrations spread to other cities throughout China May Fourth Movement

  13. 9. What was the May Fourth Movement? 10. What did many Chinese believe was the best way to strengthen and modernize China? 11. What party was formed in 1921? Students in Beijing

  14. After Sun Yixian’s death in 1925, Jiang Jieshi becomes the head of the Kuomintang ( KMT) Jiang Jieshi & the Nationalists

  15. Communists and Guomindang formed partnership, fought warlords who controlled much of China Uneasy Partnership

  16. Jiang Jieshi starts a campaign against communists Has troops and armed gangs kill members of the Communist Party and union members on the city streets of Shanghai Nearly wipes out all members of the Communist Party Chinese Civil War

  17. Recognition of China • In 1928 the US and Britain recognize Jiang Jieshi as president of China • The Soviet Union does not due to persecution of Communist Party in China

  18. Mao Zedong and the Red Army • Mao forms the Red Army by recruiting peasants • Established themselves in the countryside of south-central China • Jiang sends Nationalists soldiers after them, but can’t completely wipe them out due to guerilla warfare

  19. An Uneasy Partnership • 12. Why did the Kuomintang nationalists and the communists believe they needed to work together? • 13. What action did Jiang take attempting to stop the communist influence in China and what did this mark the beginning of?

  20. Mao Zedong • 14. Who was the leader of the communists in China and what did he direct his followers to do when the nationalists began to defeat them?

  21. Chinese Civil War • The Long March • Jiang sends 700,000 men after Communists and surrounds them

  22. Communists Flee Red Army soldiers marching part of the 6,000 miles • 100,000 Communists flee and begin a 6,000 mile-journey (The Long March) • Tens of thousands die due to • Starvation • Battle wounds • Exposure to the cold

  23. Crossing the Mountains • 15. How long was the Long March? • 16. How many began the Long March and how many survived? • Mao and 8,000 survivors take shelter in the caves of northwestern China.

  24. 4970 Miles The sojourn stretched for 8000 kilometers across some of China's less tourist-friendly landscapes and was prompted by the battle the Reds were having with the far-superior Nationalist army. Of the 87,000 who began the march, only about 6000 made it to the finishing line. 8000 Kilometers

  25. Unprepared for Harsh Conditions • Because the Reds were forced to embark on their cross-country walking tour without much forethought, they were unprepared for the harsh conditions awaiting them, which ended up claiming most of those who set out.

  26. Communists Behavior during the Long March • – obey orders, • – do not take anything from the people by force, • – turn in anything that is captured to Mao. • This behavior led to increased support for the communists from the Chinese peasants. Luding Bridge Crossing 29 May 1935

  27. 17. How many Miles was the Long March?

  28. The Chinese people led by the CPC underwent successively the Northern Expeditionary War (1924-27), the War of Agrarian Revolution (also known as "Ten-Year Civil War," 1927-37), the War of Resistance Against Japan (1937-45), and the War of Liberation (1946-49). Four “Wars”

  29. China Invaded • Time Out!!! • The Civil War between the Nationalists and Red armies is suspended • JAPAN INVADES MANCHURIA IN 1931 • By 1937 Japan invades all of China • Nationalists and Communists unite to repel Japanese invasion • Owing to the cooperation and joint resistance of the CPC and Kuomintang, the Japanese aggressors were defeated but shortly after the anti-Japanese war, the Kuomintang re-launched civil war. • TO BE CONTINUED AFTER WORLD WAR II… Japanese troops entering Shenyang

  30. Japanese troops established on Chinese territory from 1901–1915 18. In 1921 what party was formed in China? 19. These two groups joined together to fight the ________ who controlled much of China. 20. Jiang Jieshi turned to the Nationalists. What did he do to the Communists he had previously supported? China after World War I Also known as Chiang kai-shek

  31. Chiang Kaishek’s Response to Japanese aggression • 1931 Japanese Capture of Manchuria • No resistance from Chiang Kaishek • Chiang turned forces against Communists in Jiangxi • Ruthless force used to crush student and intellectual demonstrations against Chiang’s weak policies.

  32. Changes in India • 21. India was a colony of what nation in World War I? • 22. Why did the Indians feel anger and resentment after the war? • 23. What acts were passed by the British in 1919 which allowed them to deal very harshly with the growing opposition in India? • THINK: How did the Indians feel about this action?

  33. Amritsar Massacre • 24. How did the British soldiers respond to the peaceful, unarmed demonstrators in the city of Amritsar? • THINK: What changed for the majority of the Indians after the Amritsar Massacre?

  34. Gandhi believed in 2 important concepts. 25. What was AHIMSA? 26. What is CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE? 27. What was his first nonviolent action against British rule? THINK: How is this similar to the first actions taken by the colonists at the start of the American Revolution? Gandhi’s Protests

  35. Many Indians bought clothes made in England or from British cloth. 28. How did this change as the Indian movement for independence became stronger? 29. What became a symbol of Gandhi’s peaceful movement for change? 30. What monopoly did the British have which was the second boycott Gandhi launched? BOYCOTT

  36. 31. What happened to Gandhi during this revolution? 32. What did the British do in 1935? THINK: Why was this not what Gandhi wanted for his nation? Gandhi’s Progress

  37. 33. What was supposed to happen to lands controlled by the Ottoman Empire after World War I and why did this NOT happen? The Middle East

  38. 34. Who was the World War I hero who led the defeat of Greek forces sent to claim this territory? 35. What did he announce in October 1923? 36. What does his name, Kemal Ataturk, mean? Kemal Ataturk

  39. 37. In 1921 who led the movement to overthrow Persia’s shah and what was the result of this action? 38. What was Khan’s given name? 39. What was his goal for Persia and to what did he change the name of Persia? PERSIA

  40. 40. What was the movement for a Jewish nation called? 41. What British document was issued in 1917 which agreed to support a Jewish homeland in Palestine? 42. What happened to this area instead after World War I? 43. What countries did the French control? 44. What countries did the British control? French and British Mandates

  41. 45. In 1921 the British gave the eastern part of Palestine to Husayn’s son, Abdullah and what name was given to this region? 46. What was the name of Husayn’s other son? 47. What area was he given by the British and what was this region named? THINK: Why do you think the residents of these regions were angry when Jewish immigration increased to this area? Palestine

  42. Nationalism in Africa • 48. How was the experience of African colonies during World War I similar to India and the Middle East colonies? • 49. Why did the German colonies in African NOT gain their independence after helping to fight in World War I? • 50. What was one result of the Pan-African Congresses? • 51. Which African nation WAS granted its independency by Britain in 1922? • 52. What 2 things does your text tell us will have to occur before African nations will achieve independence?

  43. In your notes, briefly summarize what we have learned was happening in each of these areas after World War I.

  44. Section 2The Great Depression • The decade between 1920 and 1930 known as The ROARING Twenties. • 57. What 3 economic conditions occurred during this time? • 58. What 2 new inventions boosted the consumer industry?

  45. REMEMBER: What change had occurred in the economic status of the US after World War I? 59. Why were American factories so busy during World War I? 60. What new invention was begun by Henry Ford? No it is not the car. THINK: What are consumer goods? The US Economy in the 1920s

  46. 61. What phrase identifies borrowing money to pay for a stock in the hopes you can pay it off when the price rises? THINK: What happens if the price of the stock falls? 62. One of the problems was an UNEQUAL distribution of wealth. What does this mean? 63. What percent of the population earned 19 percent of the nation’s income? Hidden Problems

  47. The Depression Spreads • 64. What was a third cause of the Great Depression? • 65. When was Black Tuesday and what happened on that day? • THINK: What did people have to do to repay the loans they had taken out for stocks? • 66. Quick Facts. What were the 5 causes of the Stock Market Crash? • 67. Our text tells us 1 out of every 4 workers in the US was unemployed. What percentage is that? • THINK: What is our unemployment rate today in the US?

  48. As people needed money they tried to take it out of their banking accounts. THINK: What happens to the money you save in your bank? 68. Why did Herbert Hoover not want to begin a massive government program to help Americans during this time? 69. Who is elected president in 1932? President Hoover

  49. MusicThe Blues • 70. Where did the blues originally develop and what 3 types of music did they combine? • 71. How did the blues music travel to northern cities? • 72. What other forms of music today owe their beginnings to the blues?

  50. 73. What program did FDR begin to help Americans during the Great Depression? The 3 parts of his policy were Relief, Recovery and Reform 74. How did the New Deal provide relief? 75. How did it provide recovery? 76. How did it cause reform? The New Deal

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