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Interwar Period 1919-1939

Interwar Period 1919-1939. Bakke . Great Depression in Europe . 1) Financial crisis  war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution of goods in the world market 3) No country provided strong economic leadership or sense of cooperation . Financial Tailspin .

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Interwar Period 1919-1939

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  1. Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke

  2. Great Depression in Europe • 1) Financial crisis  war & Versailles settlement • 2) Crisis in the production and distribution of goods in the world market • 3) No country provided strong economic leadership or sense of cooperation

  3. Financial Tailspin • Germany claimed to be in default of reparations • January 1923 France occupies the Ruhr mining & manufacturing district • Weimar orders passive resisitance •  Easing of reparations on Ger • Oct 1929- Wall St. Stock market crash •  little capital investment left for EUR •  Keditanstalt bank crashes in Central Europe

  4. Agricultural/Commodities Crisis • World Wheat Prices fell to record lows •  farmers make less buy less consumer and industrial goods • Worsened by worldwide financial depression • Result: • Stagnation and depression for Eur industry • Unemployment spread from ag sector to those producing consumer goods • Less govt. spending  worsens problem of investment

  5. Weimar Germany • Made up of Socialist Democrats, moderate SPD, & German Liberals • Most known for accepting the humiliating terms of Versailles Treaty of 1919 • Weimar Constitution • Highly enlightened • Complicated representive Reichstag system

  6. Haunted by Versailles • 1921 Presented w/ final bill for WWI 132 Billion • 1923 French Occupation of the Ruhr • Inflation= printing money to pay debts; Runs wild in Weimar Germany • Devastated by unemployment and worldwide economic depression

  7. Hitler’s Early Career • WWI Veteran • Austrian born; Settles in Munich GER; Influenced by Mayor Karl Leuger • NDAP formed in 1920 (few members) • Formulate 25 Point Program of Nazi Party • Repudiation of Versailles • Union w/ Austria • Exclusion of Jews • Economic & Ag Reforms that benefit farmers/sm businesses

  8. SA Storm Troopers Formed c1925 • “Brown Shirts” • Paramilitary organization that provided its members w/ food, uniforms, wages • Role: Chief Nazi instrument of terror and intimidation • Who ? • Why? • SA – Numbers over 1 million strong by 1933

  9. Beer Hall Putsch of November 1923 • Failed Revolution to overthrow the Weimar Republic • Arrested, tried, and sentenced to 5yrs– writes Mein Kampf • 1) Moment when he saw himself as leader of mvt • 2) He and Nazi’s must come to power legally

  10. Stresseman Stability & Spirit of Locarno • Only moderately successful period in Weimar (1924-29) Chancellor/For Min • Stabilized inflation, lower unemployment • Renegotiated reparations payments • Forced French out of Ruhr • Attempted to ‘revise’ Versailles diplomatically • Oct 1925 Locarno Agreements • New hope for lasting peace in EUR

  11. And then … The Depression • Govt Deadlocked to solve crisis • Bruning appt. as Chancellor • Evokes Article 48 of Constitution • 1932--6 Million Germans unemployed •  Appeal of Radical Extremist Parties • Communists and Nazis

  12. Presidential Election of 1932 • Tallman (KPD) Hitler (NSDAP) Hindenburg (I) • 10% 36.8% 50.3%

  13. Chancellor Carrousel • Bruning Franz Von Papen  Kurt Von Schleicher  Hitler (Jan 30 1933)

  14. Hitler’s Consolidation of Power • 1) Capture of full legal authority • 2) crushing of alternative polt. Groups • 3) Purging of rivals w/in Nazi Party

  15. Reichstag Fire Feb 27 1933 • Dutch Communist (mentally ill) sets fire to Reichstag • Effect: Communists outlawed/arrested & Article 48 invoked • March 1933: Enabling Act Passed- Rule by Decree "'This is a God-given signal! If this fire, as I believe, turns out to be the handiwork of Communists, then there is nothing that shall stop us now crushing out this murder pest with an iron fist.'

  16. Timeline • May 1933- Leftist trade Unions seized • July 1933- Nazi Party only legal Party in GER • June 1934- Purge of Ernst Roehm and the SA • Knight of the Long Knives • Aug 1934 President Hindenburg Dies • Sept 1935 Nuremburg Laws Passed

  17. The Nazi State • The Police State of the SS (Schutszstaffel) Black Shirts • Primary vehicle for surveillance (Gestapo) • Led by Himmler • Most elite Nazi paramilitary organization

  18. Society and Gender in the Third Reich • Women • Saw women as educators of the young and protectors of German cultural values • Women were encouraged to bear many children • Task: To preserve racial purity • Cult of Domesticity and Motherhood embraced • Socially- • Hitler Youth formed • Social programs- ‘Strength through Joy’ • Volkswagen program • Cultural identity- Book burnings/Censorship, Propaganda, Volksgemeinshaft, German culture celebrated i.e. Wagner etc.

  19. Hitler’s Goals • 1) intended to bring the entire German Volk together into a single nation (Grossdeutsh) • 2) Lebensraum in the East • 3) Destruction of Versailles • Withdrew from League of Nations • Renounced disarmament of Treaty • Army and Air Force of 500K raised via conscription • March 1936 Remilitarization of the Rhineland

  20. Remilitarization of the Reinland

  21. Formation of the Axis Powers • Italy Invades Ethiopia 1935 • The Spanish Civil War 1936 • Franco becomes fascist leader of SPA • 1936- Anti-Comitern Pact brings Japan into Axis

  22. Policy of Appeasement • Tenants: • 1) Germany had real grievances • 2) Hitler’s Goals were limited • 3) Best policy was to negotiate and make concessions b/f a crisis could lead to war • Austria March 1938 • Anschluss w/ Austria • Czechoslovakia • Sudetenland

  23. Munich Conference

  24. Failure of Munich • “I have no more territorial demands to make in Europe”. – Adolf Hitler • “It is a peace with honor. I believe it is peace for our time.” --Neville Chamberlain • 15 March 1939 – Hitler breaks promise, occupies Prague and all of Czechoslovakia • Next up… • Polish Corridor (Spring 1939)

  25. Nazi – Soviet Pact of Non Agression • AUG 1939- Divided Poland & Gave Rus the Baltic states • Sept 1939- Ger invaded Poland- WWII Begins

  26. German Conquest of Europe • April 1940- Invasion of Denmark & Norway • May 1940- BeNeLux Invaded • Dunkirk • Maginot Line Exposed on the left flank (Bel) •  May 1940 France invaded – Surrenders in under 6 weeks • Vichy Govt. Set up under Petain – DeGaulle Flees to England “Free French” est.

  27. Maginot Line

  28. Vichy France

  29. Battle of Britain Aug 1940 • German Luftwaffe vs British RAF • London bombed every night

  30. Operation Barbarossa June 1941 • Seige of Leningrad • Battle of Stalingrad • Why? • Hitler wanted Lebensraum in the East

  31. America Enters the War • Dec 7 1941 Pearl Harbor • Pacific Theater opens • Battle of Midway turning point • Allied landings in Sicily/Italy-- Nov 1942 • Downfall of Mussolini –AUG 1943

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