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Introduction to Geography and Map Essentials

Learn the basic principles of geography, including concepts such as latitude and longitude, continents, oceans, islands, and maps. Understand different types of projections and map essentials such as title, compass rose, scale, legend, and locator map.

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Introduction to Geography and Map Essentials

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  1. Unit 1 Geography Principles

  2. Basic Terms • A globe is a scale model of the earth. • A grid of lines is superimposed. • Lines going east-west are Latitude. • Lines going north-south are Longitude. • Latitude lines are parallel lines. • Longitudinal lines are meridians. • Meridians intersect at the poles. • The equator is equal distant from each pole. • The Prime Meridian runs through Greenwich, En • The Prime Meridian is 0 degrees Longitude.

  3. Degrees & Minutes • Latitude is measured in degrees. • Degrees are subdivided into minutes. • 60 minutes is one degree. • North of the equator is marked N • South of the equator is marked S • East of the prime meridian is marked E. • West of the prime meridian is marked W.

  4. Range • Latitude runs from 0 degrees to 90 degrees North or South. • Longitude ranges from 0 degrees to 180 degrees East and West. • What is 0 degrees longitude? • What is 0 degrees Latitude? • Where do they intersect?

  5. Hemispheres • The equator divides the globe into two hemispheres. • The Northern Hemisphere is north of the equator. • The Southern Equator is south of the equator. • The PM and 180 degree meridian divide the globe into two hemispheres: Eastern and Western Hemisphere.

  6. Continents • The land surface of the Earth is divided into 7 Continents. • Africa • Antarctica • Asia • Australia • Europe • North America • South America

  7. The World Ocean • In reality there is only one ocean on the earth. Why is this true? • Nonetheless, we divide the ocean into: • Atlantic Ocean • Arctic Ocean • Indian Ocean • Pacific Ocean

  8. Islands & Lakes • An island is a land mass surrounded by water. • A lake or sea are smaller bodies of water. • Think about how islands are separated from continents and lakes are separated from oceans.

  9. Maps • A map is a flat diagram representing the earth’s surface. • How is a map different from a globe? • There are different ways to represent the earth’s surface. • These ways are called projections. • There is no way to accurately represent a globe on a flat surface.

  10. Types of Projections • Cylindrical (Mercator) • Conic • Flat Plane • What are the benefits and the problems with each projection?

  11. The Problem with Projections • There are four basic characteristics of a map that are distorted to some degree, depending on the map projection used. These characteristics include distance, direction, shape, and area.

  12. Map Essentials • Title that tells the subject of the map. • Compass Rose or North Arrow defines direction and orientation. • Scale provides a ratio or formula for determining distance. • Legend defines symbols used in a map. • Locator map shows where on the globe the current map is located.

  13. Types of Maps • Historical maps provides a “snap shot” of the past in a given region. (Thematic Map) • Route maps show how people traveled. Think battles, trade or exploration. (Thematic Map) • Political maps show national borders and political subdivisions. • Physical maps provide the physical features of an area. Topographical maps are an example.

  14. Geographic Dictionary • Trace and draw/illustrate pages H8 and H9

  15. Label each on your illustration and define each on the back side.

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