HATE CRIMES

1. HATE CRIMES SUMMER, 2000 PCJCR 3956

2. INTRODUCTION PA. Federal Legislation <April 25, 20000 - BHate Crime legislation soughtto BExpand current laws to include < <(a) sexual orientation P (b) Gender and disability P

3. PCurrent legislation allows for prosecution of crimes motivated by P <victim's race, religion, color or national origin. < < <

4. B(2) Majority of hate crimes will continue to be prosecuted by state B Band local governments. B B(a) argued for broader federal laws allowing federal government to assist state and local governments in their prosecutions.

5. WHAT IS HATE CRIME? AMBIGUOUS PDifficulty in determining: <(1) what is meant by prejudice < <(2) which prejudices qualify for inclusion under hate < crime <(3) which crimes of prejudice become hate crimes < <(4) link between the perpetrator's prejudice and the perpetrator's criminal conduct

6. COMPLEXITY OF AHATE CRIME@ Correlation to Prejudice PCriminal conduct motivated by prejudice <Concept held by all for against something BIndividuals, groups, foods, countries BRooted in experiences, fantasies, irrationality BTraditional, learned behavior

7. PREJUDICE JUSTIFICATION Pfactually correct observations <Anti-black vs pro-white <Biases against rich, poor drunks, drug addicts BAbove not necessarily transformed ordinary crime into hate crime

8. PRacial, religious and gender prejudices officially denounced in our laws PHate crimes constitute "next generation" effort PFederal and state legislatures choose which prejudices to officially condemn <Some states sexual orientation included < <

9. IMPACT OF RACIAL/ETHNIC/RELIGIOUS PREJUDICE POn average, blacks have worse jobs, income, and housing than white people? Yes? No? PBlack respondent 44 percent attributed situation to discrimination PWhite respondents 21 percent of white respondents chose discrimination as cause P P

10. PREJUDICE AGAINST WOMEN Do All Men Hate Women? PAdam Jukes: Author of Why Men Hate Women <Yes, they do <Men harbor unconscious prejudice against women <

11. P"The hatred of women may be, in most cases, a deeply repressed fact of the male character. At one extreme is the rapist or the sexual murderer, at the other extreme is the apparently ordinary man who does not rape or murder, and feels mild and hidden...contempt for women, or expresses it only in the privacy of his own home....."

12. PNational Conference of Christian and Jews(now National Conference) <55 percent of survey's respondents believe that Catholics B"want to impose their own ideas of morality on the larger society." <Concluded that this was proof of widespread anti- Catholic prejudice <

13. PREVALENCE OF HATE CRIMES Are Hate Crimes Serious? PJanuary 1996 Hate Crimes Statistics revealed 7,400 hate crimes committed <Number reported does not include those not reported <Atty. Janet Reno: "hate crimes have long gone under reported" <Higher incidence if crimes against sexual orientation included

14. HISTORY OF TOLERANCE VIDEO PEquality declared in Constitution belonged to white men, not men of other races PHate taught to next generation <Each generation teaches the next who the enemy is <Concept of savages regarding the Indians <Systematic injustices toward African-Americans continued after slavery

15. P1913 Campaign by Georgians to convict Leo Frank for crime he didn't commit PScapegoating Jews PAttitudes regarding immigrants in 20th and 21st century similar to that expressed 150 years ago. <Group hatred often originates from economic insecurity <Cultural intolerance prevalent < <

16. VARIABLE EXHIBITIONS OF HATE Often Based on Racial Prejudice PBlack prejudice and hatred of whites, especially Jews documented (remember film) <Louis Farrakhann best known racist and anti-Semitic black leader

17. HATE SPEECH AND HATE CRIME ACTS PJames Byrd and Matthew Shepard (1998) P1999 Columbine High School Shootings P1999 4th of July weekend racially motivated killings around Illinois and Indiana P August 1999 LA daycare shooting spree by Buford Furrow. P P

18. PRacially motivated shooting spree by a black man in Wilkinsburg, PA. P <Left two dead and three wounded, <Brought to light the fact that hate crimes do not discriminate.

19. INCREASE IN HATE CRIMES Pthe trend is growing, Pperpetrators are getting bolder. PKu Klux Klan 1994 Announcement <December 1994 Macedonia Baptist Church in Bloomington, S.C. <Church burned six months later <Arrest of one revealed he was card carrying member of KKK <

20. R.A.V v CITY OF ST. PAUL 505 U.S. 377 PJune 21, 1990 several teenagers made a crude cross by taping together broken chair legs. The cross was then placed inside the fenced yard of a black family and burned. The family lived across the street from one of the teenagers (who was the petitioner in the case). Petitioner was charged under the St. Paul Bias-Motivated Crime Ordinance

21. MINN. LEGIS. CODE 292.02 PWhoever places on public or private property a symbol, objects appellation, characterizations or graffiti, including, but not limited to, a burning cross or Nazi swastika, which one knows or has reasonable grounds to know arouses anger, alarm or resentment in others on the basis of race, color, creed, religion or gender commits disorderly conduct and shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.

22. PDefendant appealed his conviction arguing that the law violated his right to free speech. District court agreed with defendant struck down the law on two grounds: P <1 Ordinance was overboard and vague < <2. First Amendment prevented St. Paul from banning cross as a form of expression. <

23. State appealed to Minnesota Supreme Court <State Supreme Court upheld law; Ruled: BCross burning not a form of speech deserving First Amendment protection B BLaw was not overly broad BApplies only to "fighting words" B B"Fighting words" words which would provoke a reasonable person to violence

24. U.S. Supreme Court June 22, 1992 PFirst rule on constitutionality of hate crime statutes PReversed decision of Minnesota Supreme Court PUnanimously agreed that law was too broad PUnconstitutional prohibits permitted speech based on subjects of the speech P

25. SUPREME COURT RULING R.A.V. v St. Paul PGeneral Rule: First Amendment prevents government from proscribing speech, expressive conduct PCourt disagreed regarding why ordinance should be struck down <Scalia: government cannot regulate fighting words on basis of viewpoint

26. Justice White POrdinance fatally overboard P <Criminalizes unprotected expression < <Criminalizes expression protected by the First Amendment <

27. Justice Stevens <Significant that statute regulates only fighting words <Fighting Words BDetermined in part by content BDirected at individuals Bso as to "by their utterance inflict injury" B <Action crude form of physical intimidation < <Message of racial hostility does not automatically endow it with complete constitutional protection

28. WISCONSIN v TODD MITCHELL 508 U.S. 476 PMitchell, a black youth was convicted of beating a white victim PRacially motivated aggravated battery normally carried a two-year maximum sentence PSentence increased because jury found that Mitchell intentionally selected victim because of race <Sentence increased to seven years by Wisconsin Statute P

29. MITCHELL CONTD. PMitchell sentenced to four years' imprisonment PState Supreme Court invalidated sentence- enhancement scheme PStatute posed same overboard threat to speech as R.A.V. P

30. MITCHELL CONTD. PU.S. Supreme Court reversed <Mitchell aimed at violent conduct unprotected by First Amendment <Singles out conduct thought to inflict greater individual and societal harm <Penallty enhancement approach did not violate the First Amendment BPunished conduct, not speech

31. SUPPORT OF INCREASE Hate Speech: Constitutional Violation? PRacial inferiority planted as an idea that may have some validity P <Stereotypes <Rejected but remains embedded in mind

32. PSpeech infringing on public order unprotected constitutional area PBomb threats, incitements to riot,"fighting words", and obscene phone calls not protected by first amendment BClose to category of racist speech B PExisting law insults which bring men to blows subject to first amendment exception BRacist speech seen as part of ordinary jostling BTolerance/accepting BEffect of dehumanizing racist language often flight rather than fight B

33. HATE CRIMES INCREASING? Anti-Semitism PHoaxes? <Octobeer 1992 actions <December 1992(Rabbi Shaya Apteer,Semitic slurs,Joseph Fredrick <Crown Heights activities <Vandalism in Boroooough Park of New York <Fires in Hartford Connecticut

34. POLITICAL INCLUSION PRepublican: Rich Bond: "They are not America" P PDemocrat Jerry Brown statements, Vice- President Quayle P PPat Buchanan: religious war

35. CURRENT LEGISLATION PSince 1990, there have been several legislative moves addressing hate Pcrimes: PThe Hate Crimes Statistics Act of 1990 PViolence Against Women Act of 1994 PHate Crimes Sentencing Enhancement Act PChurch Arsons Prevention Act of 1996 P

36. HATE CRIMES PREVENTION ACT OF 1999 Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 1999 PSentencing: PWhoever, willfully causes bodily injury to any person or, Pattempts to cause bodily injury to any person, Pbecause of the actual or perceived race, color, religion, or national origin of any personB P

38. PThe Violence Against Women Act of 1998 PHate Crimes Prevention Act of 1999 PIn addition, 42 states have hate crimes laws in effect, 21 of which Pinclude legislation against acts of violence based on sexual orientation. P