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Hard Choices Ahead - What UEA is doing. 面临的选择 -UEA 如何做

Global Warming: 全球变暖：. Hard Choices Ahead - What UEA is doing. 面临的选择 -UEA 如何做. 29 th June 2007 （ 2007 年 6 月 29 日）. Keith Tovey ( 杜伟贤 ) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv. C Red. Energy Science Director: HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation

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Hard Choices Ahead - What UEA is doing. 面临的选择 -UEA 如何做

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  1. Global Warming:全球变暖： Hard Choices Ahead - What UEA is doing. 面临的选择-UEA如何做 29th June 2007（2007年6月29日） Keith Tovey (杜伟贤)M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv CRed Energy Science Director: HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia

  2. Climate Change: Arctic meltdown 1979 - 2003 气候变化：北极冰盖融化1979-2003 Summer ice coverage of Arctic Polar Region • Nasa satellite imagery 20% reduction in 24 years 夏天的北极区域冰盖—Nasa（美国国家航天局）卫星照片 24年内减少了20% 1979 2003 CRed Source: Nasa www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/1023esuice.html

  3. Raising Awareness知识提升 Comparison of emissions of different countries Electricity Generation in China is dominated by coal Carbon Emission factor 0.870 kg/kWh cf 0.52 kg/kWh in UK 不同国家的排放比较 中国主要使用煤炭进行发电 碳排放数据0.870 kg/kWh 在英国这一数据是0.52kg/kWh

  4. Norwich诺威奇 Consequence of ~ 1m rise 1米的海平面升高 Consequence of ~ 6m rise 6米的海平面升高 (Source: Prof. Bill McGuire, University College London) Norwich City would be playing water polo! 在诺威奇市将可以打水球了！

  5. Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 - Non-Renewable Methods 2020年内发电选择—非可再生能源

  6. Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 - Non-Renewable Methods 2020年内发电选择—非可再生能源

  7. Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 - Non-Renewable Methods 2020年内发电选择—非可再生能源

  8. Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 - Renewable

  9. Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 - Renewable Area required to supply 5% of UK electricity needs ~ 300 sq km But energy needed to make PV takes up to 8 years to pay back in UK.

  10. Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 - Renewable • Transport Fuels: • Biodiesel? • Bioethanol? • Compressed gas from • methane from waste. But Land Area required is very large - the area of Norfolk and Suffolk would be needed to generated just over 5% of UK electricity needs.

  11. Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 - Renewable

  12. Solar Energy - The BroadSol Project太阳能- BroadSol项目 Solar Collectors installed 27th January 2004 2004年1月27日安装 Annual Solar Gain 910 kWh年太阳能产生910 kWh

  13. Our Choices: They are difficult 选择-比较困难 • Do we want to exploit available renewables i.e onshore/offshore wind and biomass. Photovoltaics, tidal, wave are not options for next 20 years. • If our answer is NO • Do we want to see a renewal of nuclear power • Are we happy with this and the other attendant risks? • 我们是否需要选择适合的可再生能源，如内陆/海岸风力电厂和生物能源。 但太阳能发电、潮汐能、波涛能在以后20年将不会被选择。 • 如果我们的答案是否定的 • 我们需要更新核能吗？ • 我们满意这种选择或是其他风险？

  14. Our Choices: They are difficult选择-比较困难 • If our answer is NO • Do we want to return to using coal? • then carbon dioxide emissions will rise significantly • unless we can develop carbon sequestration and apply it to ALL our • COAL fired power stations within 10 years - unlikely. • 如果答案是：否 • 我们是否从新使用煤炭？ • 那么二氧化碳排放将会增加 • 除非我们发展碳捕获技术并在10年内运用到我们所有的火电站 If our answer to coal is NO Do we want to leave things are they are and see continued exploitation of gas for both heating and electricity generation? >>>>>> 如果答案是：否 我们是否需要放弃尝试，继续开采天然气用于加热和发电？

  15. Our Choices: They are difficult选择-比较困难 • If our answer is YES • By 2020 • In UK we will be dependent on around 70% of our heating and electricity from GAS • China is also looking towards Russia for supplies of GAS • imported from countries like Russia, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Algeria • Are we happy with this prospect? >>>>>> • 如果答案是：是 • 到2020年 • 英国70%的供热和发电将会 来自于天然气 • 中国也将会从俄罗斯进口天然气 • 从俄罗斯、伊朗、伊拉克、利比亚、阿尔及利亚进口 • 我们满意这样做吗？

  16. Our Choices: They are difficult选择-比较困难 • If not: • We need even more substantial cuts in energy use. • Or are we prepared to sacrifice our future to effects of Global Warming by using coal? - the North Norfolk Coal Field? – • Aylsham Colliery, North Walsham Pit? • 如果不满意 • 我们需要减少能源消耗 • –或者我们使用煤炭，造成全球变暖并牺牲我们的将来？-如使用北Norfolk、 Aylsham Colliery、 北Walsham煤田？ Do we wish to reconsider our stance on renewables? Inaction or delays in decision making will lead the UK down the GAS option route and all the attendantSecurity issues that raises. In China it will be coal and the issues of Global Warming. 我们需要考虑可再生能源吗？ 如果不行动或拖延，都将使英国的能源安全问题增加，对于中国来说则是煤炭使用和全球变问题。

  17. On average each person in UK causes the emission of 9 tonnes of CO2 each year. 每一个英国人每年排放9吨CO2 5 hot air balloons per person per year.相当于每人排放5个热气球 In the developing world, the average is under 1 balloon per person在发展中国家，这一水平低于1个热气球 Is this Fair?这公平吗？ “Nobody made a greater mistake than he who did nothing because he thought he could do only a little.” ‘没有人犯的错误比他不做任何事更大，因为他认为他的行动微不足道 Edmund Burke (1727 – 1797)

  18. Raising Awareness知识提升 At Gao’an No 1 Primary School in Xuhui District, Shanghai 上海徐汇区高第一小学 • A tumble dryer uses 4 times as much energy as a washing machine. Using it 5 times a week will cost over £100 a year just for this appliance alone and emit over half a tonne of CO2. • 10 gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume of 1 party balloon. • 烘干机使用4倍于洗衣机的能源。一星期使用5次将1年耗费£100仅仅只是烘干并排放出半吨CO2 • 10克二氧化碳相当于一个派队气球

  19. Raising Awareness知识提升 • A Mobile Phone charger: up to 10 kWh per year • ~ 500 balloons each year. 5 kg CO2 • Standby on electrical appliances • 40+ kWh a year - 4000 balloons. • Filling up with petrol (~£38 for a full tank – 40 litres) • --------- 90 kg of CO2 (5% of one hot air balloon) • 手机充电器：每年用10 kWh~500个派队气球：5 kg CO2 • 电器待机 • 40+ kWh 每年 - 4000 气球. • 给汽车使用汽油 (~£38 一箱油 – 40 升 • --------- 90 kg CO2 (5% 个热气球) How far does one have to drive in a small family car (e.g. 1400 cc Toyota Corolla) to emit as much carbon dioxide as heating an old persons room for1 hour? 一辆家庭轿车（如1400 cc丰田车）开多远排放的二氧化碳与加热一个老人的房间1小时所排放的一样？ 1.6 miles英里 2.6 km公里

  20. The ZICER Building –ZICER 楼 • Main part of the building • High in thermal mass • Air tight • High insulation standards • Triple glazing with low emissivity ~ equivalent to quintuple glazing Won the Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005 • 建筑主要特点 • 高性能集热 • 高密封性 • 高隔热标准 • 三层玻璃有效防止热散失（隔热） 2005年荣获年度低耗能建筑奖

  21. ZICER Building ZICER楼 • Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays • Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6/7 kW in 3 arrays • 在屋顶的M级太阳能电池~ 27 kW 10列 • 在墙面的P级太阳能电池~ 6/7 kW 3列

  22. Use of PV generated energy太阳能电池板 Peak output is 34 kW峰值34 kW Sometimes electricity is exported 有时输出电力 Inverters are only 91% efficient 变流器效率91% Most use is for computers主要用于电脑 DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficient直流变流器效率只有60% Need an integrated approach需要一个统一的规划

  23. Regenerative heat exchanger 能再次产热的热交换器 Incoming air into the AHU空气输入 Filter 过滤器 Heater 加热器 The air passes through hollow cores in the ceiling slabs空气通过空心的板层 The return air passes through the heat exchanger空气回流进入热交换器 Out of the building 出建筑物 Operation of the Main Building 建筑的使用 • Mechanically ventilated that utilizes hollow core ceiling slabs as supply air ducts to the space 机械式通风采用空心板材，能让空气通过管道进入建筑内 Return stale air is extracted from each floor从每层出来的回流空气 Air enters the internal occupied space空气进入内部使用空间

  24. 3% 热辐射 损失 11% Flue Losses 天然气 Exhaust Heat Exchanger 发电机 发生器 36% 电量 50% 热 Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP 改善转化效率—热电联产的运用（CHP) Localised generation makes use of waste heat. 本地化发电可利用废热 Reduces conversion losses significantly 减少转化损失 36% 61% 管道损失 86% 效率 热交换器

  25. Conversion efficiency improvements转化效率改善 Before installation安装之前 安装之前

  26. Conversion efficiency improvements转化效率改善 Before installation:15699 tonnes 安装之前：15699吨 After installation After installation This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide 这代表了33%的二氧化碳减少

  27. CHP – A Problem?? CHP-问题？ 在夏天如何处置废热？ Disposal of waste heat in summer? 产生更多电力 More electricity could be generated

  28. 绝热 高温高压 Heat rejected High Temperature High Pressure 节流阀 Compressor 冷凝器 Throttle Valve Condenser 蒸发器 低温低压 压缩器 Evaporator Low Temperature Low Pressure 为冷却进行热提取 Heat extracted for cooling A typical Air conditioning/Refrigeration Unit 一个典型的空调/制冷单元

  29. 外部热 Heat from external source 绝热 高温高压 Heat rejected High Temperature High Pressure 吸收器 Desorber 节流阀 冷凝器 Throttle Valve Condenser 热交换器 Heat Exchanger 蒸发器 低温低压 Evaporator Low Temperature Low Pressure W ~ 0 吸收器 为冷却进行热提取 Absorber Heat extracted for cooling Absorption Heat Pump 吸收热泵 Adsorption Heat pump reduces electricity demand and increases electricity generated 吸收热泵可减少电力需求并增加发电量

  30. A 1 MW Adsorption chiller 1 MW 吸附冷却器 • Uses Waste Heat from CHP • provides most of chilling requirements in summer • 从 CHP中使用废热 • 在夏天提供绝大部分供冷需要 • Reduces electricity demand in summer • Increases electricity generated locally • Saves ~500 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually • 减少夏天电耗 • 增加本地发电量 • 每年节约~500吨二氧化碳

  31. Conclusions • Global Warming and Energy Security issues will affect us all - in next few decades. • Move towards energy conservation and LOCAL generation of energy and small changes to behaviour. It is as much about the individual’s response to use of energy as any technical measures Governments may take. • Sensible integrated design of buildings, incorporating innovative use of renewable energy are also important. • 全球变暖和能源安全将在今后几十年影响我们 • 节约能源、在本地发电以及改变我们的行为 每个人可以做很多事情针对能源的使用，政府也可采取技术措施。 • 统一协调地对建筑进行设计，创新地使用可再生能源也很重要。

  32. And Finally LaoTzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher "If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading." 束 语 老子 （604-531BC）中国古代思想家、哲学家 （直译）：“如果你不改变，你将止步于原地。”

  33. The average family car releases 10 grams of CO2 every 50m 每一个辆家庭轿车每开50米就排放10克二氧化碳 Animation Courtesy of Rob Hannington

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