Chapter 15 “The South and West Transformed”

1. Chapter 15“The South and West Transformed” How did the economy, society, and culture of the South and West change after the Civil War?

2. The New SouthSection 1 • How did the southern economy and society change after the Civil War? • Vocabulary: cash crop Civil Rights Act of 1875 Farmers’ Alliance

3. Industries and Cities Grow • New industries spread through the South • textiles, lumber, cigars, coal, iron, and steel processing • More diversified farming with smaller farms • Railroads link cities and towns • Southern economic recovery is limited • War damage, lack of capital, limited education, few southern banks

4. Transparency: Railroads Connect the South

5. Southern Farmers Face Hard Times • Cotton that once dominated agriculture • Price was depressed and boll weevil appeared in the 1890s • Farmers band together: Farmers’ Alliance tried to convince government to force railroads to lower the freight prices and regulate interest charged by banks

6. Chart: Wholesale Price of Cotton 1865-1890

7. Black Southerners Gain and Lose • Political and economic gains • Citizenship allowed the right to vote (14th and 15th amendment) • Some opened businesses or bought farms • African Americans had access to education • White blacklash • KKK used terror and freedoms were whittled away • Civil Rights Act of 1875 • Guaranteed African Americans the right to ride trains and use public facilities • Supreme Court ruled in 1883 that these were local issues to be decided by state or local law • Southern governments rolled back rights of African Americans

8. Chart: Per Capita Income in the South, 1860 and 1880

9. Westward Expansion and the American Indians • How did the pressures of westward expansion impact Native Americans? • Vocabulary: reservation Wounded Knee Sand Creek Massacre assimilate Sitting Bull Chief Joseph Dawes General Allotment Act Battle of Little Big Horn

10. Railroads and Settlers • Railroads brought swarms of settlers, who took Native American lands • Some signed treaties, selling their lands and went to reservations • Others fought, or did not stay on the reservations

11. Diverse Native Cultures Destroyed • Native Americans viewed land and nature as sacred • Settlers viewed land as a resource to produce wealth • Buffalo killed off • Native Americans are forbidden to practice their religions • Their land is lost when the Dawes Actgave each male a plot; many sold the land. • The amount of land owned by Indians shrank by 65% by 1934.

12. The Sand Creed Massacre • Sioux rebellion, which began in 1862, inflamed Indians and whites • In 1864, Colorado militia, under the command of John Chivington, attacked unarmed Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians, killing many men, women, and children • Army continued the fight on the Plains

13. The Final Destruction • Navajo and Apache wars began in 1865 and continued until Geronimo surrendered in 1886 • The First Sioux War in 1865 occurred when the government decided to build a road through Sioux hunting lands in Montana • Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868: U.S. would not build the road; Sioux would live on a reservation with U.S. support • Red River War: defeat of Comanches and Kiowas • The Second Sioux War began in 1875 when miners went to the Black Hills in SD. Chief Sitting Bull left the reservation

14. Sitting Bull and the Fall of the Sioux • Lt. Colonel George Armstrong Custer was sent to locate the Indians • In the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Custer and more than 200 soldiers were killed. Sitting Bull escaped to Canada, but returned to the reservation five years later. • In 1890, more than 200 unarmed Sioux are massacred at Wounded Knee.

15. Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce • Tribe located in the Northwest • Youth attacked settlers to get Nez Perce horses • Chief Joseph tried to escape with his people and got to within 40 miles of Canada. • Finally settled on a reservation in Oklahoma

16. The Fate of Indian Territory • Nearly 70 Indian nations had been forced into Indian Territory • In 1889 Congress opened 2 million acres to settlers • At noon on April 22, hundreds of homesteaders rushed across the border • Known as Boomers; those who sneaked in early were known as Sooners.

17. Wounded Knee • Religious revival: Ghost Dance to banish whites and restore buffalo • 1890 Sitting Bull was killed • Army killed over 100 at Wounded Knee in South Dakota

18. Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence NOTE TAKING Note Taking: Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence

19. Assimilation by Force INFOGRAPHIC Infographic: Assimilation by Force

20. Government Promotes Assimilation • Reformers criticize policy: Helen Hunt Jackson fought for recognition of Indian rights in the courts • Congress passes the Dawes General Allotment Act in 1887: Replaced the reservation system with the allotment system; each Indian family was given a 160-acre farm, but with the arid land, the farms were too small • Many Indian children were sent to boarding schools

21. PM TRANSPARENCY Progress Monitoring Transparency Progress Monitoring Transparency: Section 2

22. Transforming the West Section 3

23. Transforming the West • What economic and social factors changed the West after the Civil War? • Vocabulary: vigilante open range Homestead Act land grant transcontinental railroad Exodusters

24. Transforming the West Sec 3: Transforming the West Miners Hope to Strike It Rich Main Idea: Mining was the first great boom in the West. Gold and silver were the magnets that attracted a vast number of people. Prospectors from the East were just a part of a flood that included people from all around the world. Railroaders Open the West Main Idea: As industry in the West grew, the need for a railroad to transport goods increased as well. The effects of the new railroads were far reaching. They tied the nation together, moved products and people across the continent, and spurred industrial development. Ranchers Build the Cattle Kingdom Main Idea: Cattle ranching fueled another western boom. This was sparked by the vast acres of grass suitable for feeding herds of cattle. Once the railroad provided the means to move meat to eastern markets, the race was on for land and water. Farmers Settle on Homesteads Main Idea: The Great Plains were the last part of the country to be heavily settled by whites. It was originally set aside for Indians because it was viewed as too dry for agriculture. Yet, with the coming of the transcontinental railroad, millions of farmers moved into the West. Continued…

25. Mining Frontier • Sutter’s Mill in CA • Pikes Peak • Comstock Lode • Placer mining: shoveled dirt into a pan and washed it in water, looking for gold or silver • Large corporations will move in with mining equipment, placing a burden on the water supply. • Mining will help the industrial development

26. Boom Town TRANSPARENCY Transparency: Boom Town

27. Big Business Receives Land • Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864 gave the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroad companies 10 square miles on each side of the tracks. • Sold land to settlers who wanted farms

28. The Cattle Industry • Americans adopted Mexican ranching ways, equipment, and dress. • Huge demand for beef • Long drive: transporting cattle from ranges to the cow towns • Chisholm Trail linked Texas to Kansas and the railroad • Barbed wire will end the open-range system

29. Two Land Laws • Morrill Land-Grant Act of 1862: provide support for state colleges; the federal government distributed millions of acres of western lands to state governments; the land was sold to fund agricultural colleges • Homestead Act, 1862: offered 160 acres of land to those who met the requirements 1. 21 years old 2. American citizens or have filed for citizenship 3. Pay $10 4. Build a house and live in it at least 6 months a year 5. Farm the land for 5 consecutive years • Problems: Many too poor, no farming experience, fraud

30. Settlers Work Together • Water was scarce, contaminated; 1880s had well-drilling equipment • Backbreaking labor • Men often had to leave and work in towns for cash, leaving families alone • Families cooperated in building houses, barns, sewing quilts, corn-husking, caring for the sick

31. Farming on the Plains • Challenging conditions • New technology-dry farming, planting crops that do not require much water • Agricultural knowledge • Bonanza farms: controlled by big businesses • Farm debt: machines were costly, land speculation, and low prices for crops

32. Cattle Drive TRANSPARENCY Transparency: Cattle Drive

33. African Americans • Exodusters: 50,000 African Americans who moved to the West • Benjamin “Pap” Singleton led a group • Life was hard due to poverty, lack of experience with prairie crops like wheat and corn • Most were happier than if they had stayed in the South

34. Women on the Frontier • Long periods alone • Men often had to leave to find jobs for cash • Women stayed to protect homestead from squatters • Western women led the fight for the right to vote • 1890 Wyoming was the first state to give women the right to vote

35. Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas NOTE TAKING Note Taking: Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas

36. Competition, Conflict, and Change • Economic Rivalries: Conflicts between miners, ranchers, sheepherders, and farmers led to violence; biggest losers were Native Americans • Prejudices and discrimination: West was most diverse area of country with Asian, Mexican and Mexican American, and Native American residents

37. The West by 1900 • Number of tenant farmers grew in the West • Corporations owned many large farms • Farmers were deeply in debt • Census of 1890: frontier ended

38. Frontier closed; claimed that the frontier had played a central role in forming the American character Frontier had produced individualistic, restless, and socially mobile Americans who were ready for adventure Frederick Jackson Turner

39. PM TRANSPARENCY Progress Monitoring Transparency Progress Monitoring Transparency: Section 3