Deviance, Social Structure, & Control
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Presentation Transcript
Social structure – underlying pattern of social relationships • Status • Ascribed status – assigned status • Achieved status – status that is earned or chosen Social Structure/Status
Social category – people who share a social characteristic • Social aggregate – people who happen to be in the same place at the same time • Primary group – people who are emotionally close • Secondary group – impersonal and goal oriented Groups
Negative deviance – behavior that fails to meet accepted norms • Positive deviance – overconformity to norms • Deviant – person who has violated one or more of society’s highly valued norms deviance
Ways to promote conformity to norms • Social sanctions – rewards or punishments designed to reinforce norms Social control
Deviance erodes trust • Deviance is expensive • Deviance clarifies norms – promotes needed social change • Anomie – social condition where norms are weak, conflicting, or absent • Strain Theory – deviance occurs when there is a gap between culturally desired goals & a legitimate way of obtaining them • Control Theory – conformity of social norms depends on the presence of strong social bonds between individuals & society Functionalism
Differential association theory – individuals learn deviance in proportion to the number of deviant acts they are exposed to • Labeling theory – society creates deviance by identifying particular members as deviant • Primary deviance • Secondary deviance • Stigma Symbolic Interaction
Victim discounting – process of reducing the seriousness of the crimes that injure people of a lower social class • White-collar crime – job-related crimes committed by high-status people Conflict Theory
Acts in violation of statute law • Deterrence – discouraging criminal acts by threatening punishment • Retribution – punishment intended to make criminals pay compensation for their acts • Incarceration – method of protecting society from criminals by keeping them in prisons • Rehabilitation – process of changing or reforming a criminal through socialization • Recidivism – a repetition of or return to criminal behavior crime
First studied in the 1930s • Grew in popularity in the 70s • Characteristics: • Beliefs are seen by most as “strange” or unorthodox • Members show strong devotion to leader, idea, or thing • Leaders use unethical/manipulative methods of persuasion & control Cults
Members show unquestioning devotion to the leader • Members are exploited & manipulated by the leader • Members are subjected to mental/physical stress or harm • Leader is charismatic & claims to have some kind of exclusive knowledge or ability • Leader tells followers how to think, act, feel, etc. • Leader isolates members from rest of society • Daily activities are strictly regulated • A culture of “reporting” is encouraged Dangerous Cults
a person who commits a series of murders, often with no apparent motive and typically following a characteristic, predictable behavior pattern. Serial killers
