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Chapter 14 Notes

Chapter 14 Notes. Westward Expansion and War.

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Chapter 14 Notes

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  1. Chapter 14 Notes Westward Expansion and War

  2. The age of reform was also the age of expansion. Using the phrase manifest destiny, Americans began talking about taking over the entire West to the Pacific. Some people even spoke about seizing the whole continent, but diplomats worked out peaceful solution to the border disputes with Canada.

  3. The Southwest was another matter. Mexico looked like a weak nation, and few Mexicans had settled in the Southwest north of the Rio Grande or in California. Texas was a province of Mexico. White Americans and some of their slaves began moving there peacefully by invitation of the Mexican government, but by the mid-1830s they were battling Mexican troops. The Americans won independence and proclaimed Texas the Lone Star Republic. They began working for annexation by the United States. After complicated negotiations, Texas was admitted to the Union in 1845.

  4. That same year President Polk began to negotiate with Great Britain about the Oregon Territory. The two nations agreed to split the territory at the forty-ninth parallel, the line that still remains the border between the United States and Canada.

  5. Polk himself strongly favored expansion, and he was determined to gain California and other territory at the expense of Mexico. Between California and Texas lay a vast but very dry land inhabited largely by Indians, who had lived there for centuries. However, one particular group of Americans was about to settle in the region. The religious group known as the Mormons established a flourishing settlement at Salt Lake City in Utah.

  6. Polk remained convinced that the United States had a right to take all this land. He deliberately provoked a war with Mexico by order in American troops on Mexican soil. Inevitably they were fired upon, so Polk was able to claim that Mexico had started the conflict. The resulting war saw American armies invading Mexico from several different directions. American soldiers captured Mexico city. The peace treaty provided that the United States pay Mexico $15 million in return for one-third of it national territory. It included California and what is now the southwestern part of the United States. A few years later, the United States acquired a small. additional portion of land through the Gadsden Purchase.

  7. From the beginning, many Americans had opposed the war because they feared an increase in land that would be open to slavery. The Wilmot Proviso, a resolution to prohibit slavery in any territory that might be acquired from Mexico, met defeat in the Senate. The question came to a head after the war.

  8. In 1849 there was a gold rush in California, and the next year that territory applied to Congress for admission as a state, free of slavery. California was admitted as a free state, the status of slavery in the other territories was left uncertain, and a tough new Fugitive Slave Act was put into effect.

  9. Essential Question • What key figures moved the United States forward through their political and public service during this period?

  10. ANSWER: • PresidentJames K. Polk (Who?) • Steven F. Austin (Who?) • SamHouston (Who?) • JohnSutter (Who?) • GeneralWinfield Scott (Who?)

  11. Essential Question • What struggles for equality took place during this time?

  12. ANSWER: • MexicanIndependence led by Father Hidalgo • Empresarios bring in Americans • Texas Independence led by Stephen Austin • Mexican War breaks out over Texas • Bear Flag Revolt (What was it?) • Donner Party (Who?)

  13. Essential Question • What series of actions, legislation, struggles,m and compromises enabled the U.S. to achieve “Manifest Destiny”?

  14. ANSWER: • Outline • Intro • 6 Struggles • 3 Actions • 2 Compromises

  15. Struggles • Mexican Independence led by Father Hidalgo • Empresarios bring in Americans • Texas Independence led by Stephen F. Austin • Mexican War breaks out over Texas • Bear Flag Revolt (What?) • Donner Party (What?)

  16. Actions • Sutter’s Fort (What is it?) • California Gold Rush (What is it?) • Mountain Men – go from trappers to trail guides

  17. Compromises • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (What is it?) • Gadsden Purchase (What is it?)

  18. Father Hidalgo • …led an army of Indians and mestizos who rebelled against Spain in 1810.

  19. Tejanos • …were Spanish settlers.

  20. Empresarios • …were agents who agreed to bring settles to Texas.

  21. Santa Anna • …was the new Mexican leader, who sent soldiers to Texas to enforce the laws.

  22. Stephen F. Austin • …called on all Texans to fight against Mexico.

  23. Alamo • …was an old Spanish mission in the town of San Antonio took over by the Texans.

  24. Battle of Goliad • …was were Texas troops suffered another defeat by the Mexican army.

  25. Battle of Goliad

  26. Sam Houston • …’s men attacked Mexican troops at their camp, defeating them as the Battle of San Jacinto.

  27. Battle of San Jacinto • Sam Houston’s men attacked Mexican troops at their camp, defeating them at the…

  28. Republic of Texas • The new nation recognized by Santa Anna was called the…

  29. Annex • …means to take control of.

  30. Mountain Men • …were fur traders and trappers that journeyed to the Rocky Mountains and beyond.

  31. Rendezvous • …was where mountain men would socialize and sell their furs to company agents once a year.

  32. Oregon Trail • …stretched more than 2,000 miles across the northern Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains and into Oregon Country.

  33. Travel on the Oregon Trail

  34. California Trail • …was the southern route in the Oregon Trail split that led to California.

  35. Going West with your belongings

  36. Donner Party • …was a group of families traveling west, but got lost and were snowed in. Forty people died before a rescue.

  37. Californios • …were Spanish colonists in California.

  38. John Sutter • …was a Swiss immigrant who started a colony in northern California in 1839.

  39. Sutter’s Fort • …became a popular destination for U.S. immigrants near the Sacramento River.

  40. Santa Fe Trail • …ran from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe, New Mexico for traders.

  41. A Wagon Team On the Santa Fe Trail

  42. Manifest Destiny • …was the belief that the U.S. should expand across the continent to the Pacific Ocean.

  43. Polk • …was president when Texas was annexed into the United States.

  44. John Slidell • …was the U.S. diplomat who Mexican officials refused to talk with.

  45. General Taylor • …’s troops won battles as far south as Monterrey, Mexico

  46. General Kearney • …marched into Santa Fe, New Mexico and took the city without a fight.

  47. Bear Flag Revolt • …was when a small group of Americans near Sutter’s Farm in northern California revolted against Mexican rule.

  48. General Scott • …captured the Mexican capital in 1847 to end the Mexican War.

  49. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • …gave the U.S. much of Mexico’s northern territory in exchange for $15 million.

  50. Mexican Cession • …was the land given to the U.S. from Mexico’s northern territory under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

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