1. Musculoskeletal System Medical Terminology, Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, Diagnostics, Therapeutics, and Pharmacology

2. Musculoskeletal System: Some Basic Terms: • Appendage-part attached to a main structure • Articulation-a joint • Arthritis • Cruciate Ligaments-in the knee • Hermatopoiesis-blood cell formation • Meatus-an opening or passage

3. Muscles • Tissues made of contractile cells/fibers that can move a body part • Functions: • Movement • Heat production • Protective covering • Make up the bulk of the body

4. Muscles: • Attached to various structures • Bones • Viscera • Blood vessels • Can contract and relax • Can change their shape and size and return to original form

5. Types of Muscle Tissues: • Skeletal muscle • Striated or voluntary • Smooth muscle • Involuntary or visceral • Controlled by autonomic nervous system • Cardiac muscle • Also striated • involuntary, • Located in the heart only, a unique muscle

6. Muscle movements or actions: • Lifting weights, moving arms • Walking (ambulating) • Coordinated eye movements • Holding body upright, posture • Peristalsis, rectal sphincter control • Blood vessel dilation and constriction • Bronchial dilation and constriction • Thoracic movements of ventilating • Cardiac pumping mechanism

7. Body movements • Adduction • Abduction • Flexion • Extension • Inversion • Eversion

8. Body Movements • Rotation • Pronation • Supination • Dorsiflexion • Plantar flexion

9. Muscle Attachments: Terminology • Fleshy Attachments: • Muscles attach directly to bone • Wider surface areas but weaker attachments • Fibrous Attachments • Muscles attach to a thicker, concentrated area at the end of a muscle, joins periosteum • Narrower but stronger attachment

10. Muscle Attachments: Terminology • Aponeurosis • Wide fibrous attachment • Lumbar region • Tendon • Cord or strap-like attachment

11. Bones: General Terminology • Functions: • Structural support of the body • Spine and pelvis • Calcium and mineral storage depots • Protection of viscera • Skull, rib cage, sternum • Movement and locomotion • Hematopoiesis • Bone marrow in larger bones

12. Types of Bones: • Long bones • Short bones • Flat bones • Irregular bones

13. Long Bones: • Extremity bones • Regions of long bones: • Diaphysis • Shaft • Long, major portion of the bone • Epiphyses • the rounded ends of the bone • Proximal and distal epiphyses

14. Long Bones: continued • External layer • Periosteum • Most superficial layer of bone • dense fibrinous surface covering • Compact bone • Deep to the periosteum • Surrounds the spongy bone and medullary cavity

15. Long Bones: continued • Internal components • Spongy bone • At epiphyses • Contains red marrow • Erythropoiesis • Leukopoiesis • Platelets also made here • Medullary Cavity • Bone marrow is here • Yellow marrow • Contains fat cells and few blood cells

16. Long Bones: continued • Articular Cartilage • Elastic connective tissue • Smooth surface allowing joint movement

17. Short Bones • Cube-shaped • Spongy bone core with thin layer of compact bone • Examples are ankles, wrists, toes

18. Flat Bones: • Broader surfaces • Protection of viscera or broader muscle attachment surfaces • Skull, scapula, sternum

19. Irregular Bones: • Complex shapes • Neither long nor short bones • Examples are vertebrae, middle ear bones

20. Bones: Surface Features • Articulating Surfaces • Form joints between two bones • Projections • Non-articulating • Soft tissue structures or tendon attachments • Depressions & Openings • Through which travel blood vessels or nerves • A hollow space in a bone

21. Articulating Surfaces • Condyle • Humerus, femur • Head • Humerus, femur

22. Projections: • Trochanter • Femur • Tubercle • Tibia • Tuberosity • Humerus

23. Depressions and Openings • Foramen • Base of the skull • Fissure • Sphenoid bone • Meatus • Temporal bone (external auditory meatus) • Sinus • Maxilla, frontal bone of skull

24. Skeletal System: Divisions • Axial skeleton • Skull • Vertebral column • Thorax • Appendicular skeleton • Upper extremities • Lower extremities

25. Axial Skeleton • Skull • Cranial bones • Frontal bone • Parietal bones (2) • Temporal bones (2) • Sphenoid bone • Ethmoid bone • Occipital bone

26. Axial Skeleton • Skull • Facial bones • Mandible • Maxillae (2) • Nasal bones • Lacrimal bones (2) • Zygomatic bones (2) • Vomer

27. Axial Skeleton: Thorax • Sternum • Manubrium • True ribs (ribs 1-7) • Costal cartilage • False ribs (ribs 8-12) • Floating ribs (ribs 11-12)

28. Axial Skeleton: • Vertebral Column • Cervical vertebrae (7) • Atlas (C1) and axis (C2) • Thoracic vertebrae (12) • Articulate with the ribs • Lumbar vertebrae (5) • Support most of the weight of the torso • Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae) • Coccyx (tailbone)

29. Axial Skeleton • Other parts of the vertebral column: • Intervertebral discs • Nucleus pulposus

30. Appendicular Skeleton • Shoulder (pectoral) girdle • Scapula (shoulder blade) • Clavicle (collar bone) • Upper extremity • Humerus • Radius • Ulna • Carpals • Metacarpals • Phalanges

31. Appendicular Skeleton • Pelvic girdle • Pelvic bones • Ilium • Ischium • pubis • Pubic symphysis • Sacrum • coccyx

32. Appendicular Skeleton • Lower extremity: • Femur • Tibia • Fibula • Tarsals • Metatarsals • Phalanges • Patella (knee cap)

33. Types of Articulations (Joints) • Diarthroses • Freely moveable • Amphiarthroses • Slightly moveable • Synarthroses • Completely immobile

34. Other articular structures: • Joint capsule • Periosteal extention that joins two articulating bones • Synovial membrane • Membrane lining the capsule • Synovial fluid • Lubricating fluid inside the capsule

35. Skeletal System-Combining Forms • Ankylo- = stiffness, bent • Anklyosing spondylitis • Kypho- = humpback posture • kyphoscoliosis • Lamino- = lamina, part of vertebral arch • laminectomy • Lordo- = abnormal curve, swayback • lordosis

36. Combining Forms: • Myelo- = bone marrow, spinal cord • Transverse myelitis • Ortho- = straight • Orthopedist, orthopedics • Osteo- = bone • Osteoporosis, osteomyelitis • Pedo- or pedi- = foot or child • Pediatrics

37. Combining Forms: • Scolio- = crooked or bent • Specific bones: • Acromio-front projection of scapula • Brachio-arm • Calcaneo-heel • Carpo-wrist • Cephalo-head

38. Combining Forms: Specific Bones • Claviculo- • Costo- • Cranio- • Dactylo- or phalango- • Femoro- • Fibulo- • Humero-

39. Combining Forms: Specific Bones • Ilio- • Ischio- • Lumbo- • Metacarpo- • Metatarso- • Patello- • Pelvi- • Podo-

40. Combining Forms-Specific Bones • Pubo- • Radio- • Spondylo- or vertebro- • Sterno- • Tibio-

41. Combining Forms: Muscular • Leiomyo- = smooth muscle • leiomyoma • Musculo- or myo- = muscle • musculoskeletal • Rhabdo- or rhabdomyo- striated muscle • rhabdomyolosis

42. Other combining forms: • Chondro- = cartilage • costochondral • Fascio- = band, fascia • fasciotomy • Fibro- = fibrous tissue • fibroelastic • Synovo= synovial membrane or fluid • synovitis

43. Other combining forms: • Teno-, tendo-, or tendino- = tendon • Tenosynovitis • Tendinous insertion

44. Musculoskeletal System: Suffixes • -asthenia = weakness or debility • myasthenia • -blast = embryonic cell • osteoblastic • -clast or –clasia = surgical break or fracture • Osteoclast or osteoclasis • -desis = fixation/binding of a bone or joint • arthrodesis

45. Suffixes--continued • -malacia = softening • osteomalacia • -physis = growth • epiphysis • -porosis = porous • osteoporosis

46. Specializing Professionals • Orthopedics/ orthopedist • Rheumatology/ rheumatologist • Osteopathic physician/ osteopath (DO)

47. Musculoskeletal Pathology • Fractures • Simple (closed) • Compound (open) • Complicated (involving visceral injuries) • Impacted • Comminuted • Greenstick • Pathological • Colles-both bones of forearm near wrist

48. Pathology--continued • Osteomyelitis • Infection of bone and bone marrow • Long-lasting infection • Takes months to treat • Often begins with trauma • May lead to bone necrosis and ankylosis • May be acute or chronic

49. Pathology--continued • Paget’s disease (osteitis deformans) • Chronic bone inflammatory disease • Softening and thickening of the bones • Patients over 40 YOA • Unknown etiology • Long bones of LE, lower spine, pelvis, and skull

50. Pathology--continued • Osteoporosis • Metabolic disorder of bone • Fairly common • Post-menopausal females most commonly • Decreased bone density (more resorption than deposition) • Microscopic and pathological fractures • Eventual deformity, e.g. spine