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Tim Clausner University of Maryland Center for Advance Study of Language

Enhancing Air Traffic Control Displays with Principles of Conceptualization in Perception and Language. Tim Clausner University of Maryland Center for Advance Study of Language Evan Palmer, Chris Brown & Carolina Bates Wichita State University Phil Kellman UCLA.

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Tim Clausner University of Maryland Center for Advance Study of Language

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  1. Enhancing Air Traffic Control Displays with Principles of Conceptualization in Perception and Language Tim Clausner University of Maryland Center for Advance Study of Language Evan Palmer, Chris Brown & Carolina Bates Wichita State University Phil Kellman UCLA

  2. Air Traffic Control Displays Today Two perceptual channels: Graphical for location and heading Alphanumeric for altitude

  3. Depth Cues (Size and Contrast) Smaller Lighter Larger Darker

  4. Altitude Correlated Depth Cues(Palmer, Clausner & Kellman, 2008. ACM Trans Appl. Perception) Altitude 150 200 250 300 350 Altitude Bands (hundreds feet) 350 300 250 200 150 No Cues Size Contrast Size & Contrast Hypothesis: Magnitude of spatial altitude can be visualized as perceptual cues of size and contrast.

  5. Contrast Only Size & Contrast Visual Search Method No Cue Size Contrast Size & Contrast Perceptual cues were expected to enhance visual search for conflicts.

  6. Student participants (N=40) searched for a conflict

  7. Feedback

  8. 2 aircraft 7 aircraft 12 aircraft

  9. Results 2 aircraft 7 aircraft 12 aircraft No-Cue

  10. Results 2 aircraft 7 aircraft 12 aircraft No-Cue Size- Cue Contrast- Cue Combined- Cue

  11. Results 2 aircraft 7 aircraft 12 aircraft No-Cue Size- Cue Contrast- Cue Combined- Cue

  12. Results 2 aircraft 7 aircraft 12 aircraft No-Cue Size- Cue Contrast- Cue Combined- Cue

  13. Conclusions • Size and contrast cues enhanced search performance, equivalent to processing 5 more aircraft, for a given level of performance. • Size & Contrast cues were consistent with depth cues. • Depth-consistent cues reduced missed conflicts.

  14. Why did SIZE and CONTRAST cues enhance performance? Depth LARGER & DARKER IS CLOSER Magnitude Metaphor MORE IS UP

  15. Experiment 2 (Palmer, Clausner, Kellman. Human Factors Erg. Soc. 2009) Depth-Consistent Depth-Inconsistent Above Below

  16. Experiment 2 Method Depth-Consistent Depth-Inconsistent Below Above

  17. Vantage Point Instruction

  18. Displays MORE IS UP MORE IS DOWN

  19. Visual Search Procedure Participants (N = 80) were instructed to imagine the scene from the vantage point, they bodily experienced in training.

  20. Equivalent Displays:MORE IS UP From ABOVE Depth-Consistent From BELOW Depth-Inconsistent

  21. Equivalent Displays:MORE IS UP • p = .026 • Proportion Correct From ABOVE Depth-Consistent From BELOW Depth-Inconsistent

  22. Equivalent Displays:MORE IS DOWN From ABOVE Depth-Inconsistent From BELOW Depth-Consistent

  23. Equivalent Displays:MORE IS DOWN • p > .89 • Proportion Correct From ABOVE Depth-Inconsistent From BELOW Depth-Consistent

  24. Conclusions • Conflict detection performance varied with imagined vantage point. • Performance was best when Size & Contrast cues are depth-consistent AND match a MORE IS UP metaphor, imagined from above.

  25. Experiment 3Color vs. Contrast COLOR CONTRAST

  26. Displays COLOR CONTRAST

  27. Results Color encoding of altitude yielded better conflict detection than contrast coding. COLOR CONTRAST

  28. Results From ABOVE From BELOW COLOR CONTRAST Performance varied with vantage point, for contrast cues but not color cues.

  29. Experiment 4SHAPE vs. SIZE SHAPE SIZE

  30. Displays SHAPE SIZE

  31. Results Shape cues yielded better performance than size cues SHAPE SIZE

  32. Experiment 4 Results Performance did not vary with vantage point From ABOVE From BELOW SHAPE SIZE

  33. Conclusions • Some perceptual cues interacted with Imagined Perspective • Enhanced ability to detect conflicts in these displays is due to more than display features. Perceptual cues engaged Depth Processes AND Conceptual Metaphors • Some cues may be more natural than others. • Explaining and predicting enhanced visualization must consider the cognitive processes that display features engage.

  34. US Patent #7,408,552 European Patent #1474789 PAPERS Clausner (2002). How conceptual metaphors are productive of spatial-graphical expressions. Proc. Cognitive Science Society. (pp. 208-213). Clausner & Croft (1999). Domains and image schemas. Cognitive Linguistics, 10, 1-31. Palmer, Brown, Bates, Kellman, & Clausner (2009). Imagined viewpoints modulate visual search in air traffic control displays. Human Factors and Ergonomic Society. Palmer, Clausner & Kellman (2008). Enhancing Air Traffic Control Displays via Perceptual Cues. ACM: Trans. Applied Perception 5, 1-22.

  35. Color cues for altitude may compete with other color encodings

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