Importance of Fungi: Classification and Characteristics

1. Chapter 11BOT3015LFungi Presentation created by Danielle Sherdan All photos from Raven et al.Biology of Plants except when otherwise noted

2. Molecular evidence that both animals and fungi diverged from a common ancestor, likely a colonial protist Choanoflagellate, colonial protist Plants (embryophytes) Angiosperms (beginning of semester) Gymnosperms, seedless, and non-vascular (later) Tree of Life Animals Endosymbiosis Fungi (today) All the rest of the eukaryotes, protists (Last week, focus on autotrophic protists) www.tolweb.org

3. Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes

4. Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes

5. Fungi are important Cooking and baking Beer and wine production Cheese production Antibiotics Toxic waste cleanup Antibiotic production (cyclosporin, penicillin) Medical benefits (anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory) Parasites and diseases in animals (ringworm, aflatoxins) Parasites and diseases in plants (powdery mildew, smuts, rot) Decomposition and nutrient cycling Mycorrhizal associations

6. Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes

7. Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Zygomycetes Fungus Theme SlideBOT 3015 Notice that, based on molecular data, fungi are more closely related to animals than plants From Outlaw lecture

8. Classificationusing sexual reproduction(more later) * Formation of spores within zygosporangium. * No cross walls between cells. Zygomycete Ascomycete Formation of spores in ascus. Similar Formation of spores on basidium. Basidiomycete Modified from Outlaw lecture

9. Some important characteristics of fungi • Eukaryotes • Cell walls of chitin (not found in plants, found in animals) • Heterotrophic absorption • Secretion of digestive enzymes • Active transport

10. MEMBRANE INSIDE OUTSIDE Absorption is the Fungal Mode of Nutrition Fungi secrete enzymes (red symbol), which break complex molecules into smaller building blocks, such as simple sugars and amino acids (yellow symbols). The simple molecules are absorbed by the fungus. Secondary active transport Nutrients dilute relative to inside Thanks to Robert Hebert for assistance in the preparation of this slide. Modified from Outlaw lecture

11. Some important characteristics of fungi • Eukaryotes • Cell walls of chitin (not found in plants, found in animals) • Heterotrophic absorption • Secretion of digestive enzymes • Active transport • Filamentous hyphae (some unicellular forms)

12. Filamentous hyphae Mycelium - mass of hyphae Growth occurs at tips of hyphae Some have partitions called septa May be specialized e.g. rhizoids anchor to substrate and haustoria absorb from living cells Rhizopus (zygomycete) on strawberries

13. Some important characteristics of fungi • Eukaryotes • Cell walls of chitin (not found in plants, found in animals) • Heterotrophic absorption • Secretion of digestive enzymes • Active transport • Filamentous hyphae (some unicellular forms) • Spores produced sexually and asexually • Sexual reproduction by zygotic meiosis

14. Characteristics of phyla of fungi

15. Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes

16. Zygomycete life cycle Zygospore, distinguishing characteristic, is only diploid cell Modified from Outlaw lecture

17. Example of the asexual sporangiophore Pilobolus (zygomycete)

18. Zygospores of Rhizopus nigricans Gametangia Zygospores Thanks to Robert Hebert and Kim Riddle for this image.

19. Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes

20. Distinguishing characteristics Karyogamy Conidia of Nomuraea Plasmogamy Ascomycete life cycle

21. Asci lining the fruiting body of Peziza Ascospores Modified from Outlaw lecture

22. Appearance of prototypical ascomycete From Outlaw lecture

23. Xylaria sp. From Outlaw lecture

24. Common edible morel, Morchella esculenta (ascomycete)

25. Truffles World’s most expensive truffle White Alba Almost 3 pounds $112, 000 Photo from Wikipedia Black truffle (Tuber melanosporum)

26. Botryosphaeria dothidea on Adina apple Thanks to Robert Hebert and Kim Riddle for this image. From Outlaw lecture

27. Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes

28. Basidiomycete life cycle From Outlaw lecture

29. Basidia and basidiospores ~50µm ~100µm ~200µm Cross section of basidiocarp showing gills Coprinus (basidiomycete) with vital stain

30. Basidia of Coprinus pileus From Outlaw lecture

31. Basidia and basidiospores Basidia at time of basidospore release ~25µm 4 basidiospores atop a single basidium ~10µm SEM inky cap mushroom, Coprinus cinereus (basidiomycete)

32. Polypore example Polyporus arcularius

33. Shelf fungus example Ganoderma applanatum

34. PuffballCalostoma cinnabarina

35. Netted stinkhornDictyophora duplicata

36. White-egg bird’s-nestCrucibulum laeve

37. EarthstarGeastrum saccatum

38. Corn smutUstilago maydis

39. For a local collection go to Outlaw’s collection in the lecture series

40. The yeast growth form Present in ascomycetes, zygomycetes, and basidiosmycetes Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ascomycete) Filamentous form Single-cell form ~25µm ~2.5µm Budding, a form of asexual reproduction