Anatomy & Physiology: Unraveling the Human Body's Mysteries

1. But First…How Do You Learn? • Take the learning test at: • http://www.vark-learn.com/ • VARK= Visual, Aural, Read/Write, Kinesthetic (seeing, listening, reading, feeling)

2. Muscles • Download the muscle chart from Dr. Stouder’s website. • Obtain the audio version on the website • Start learning to pronounce the muscle names correctly. • “The beginning of wisdom is to call things by their right names.” –Chinese proverb

3. Chapter 1Major Themes of Anatomy & Physiology • ANATOMY- Study of form • PHYSIOLOGY- Study of the function

4. Form Follows Function

5. Anatomy’s History I • Anatomy is as old as civilization • Anatomy gives you a foundation for advanced study in every type of health care, even self-care. • Dissection: We know of the body structure through this process. • Anatomy and dissection both mean “cutting apart” • In human anatomy a cadaver is examined by cutting. • In health care we exam by: palpation, auscultation, percussion.

6. Anatomy’s History II • Hippocrates- “Father of medicine”, humors caused disease not the gods. • Aristotle: coined the words: physician, physiology and theology. • He thought that gods could cause disease- “theologi” or natural causes- “physiologi” • Galen: wrote the medical textbook of ancient time without the benefit of dissection • Roman anatomists gave anatomy a bad name, dissected prisoners, dissection was banned before Galen • Galen warned that even his own book could be wrong • See page 9 and page 67 in your text book, find the inaccuracy. • Versalius: the Catholic church relaxed the ban on dissection, Versalius found that Galen was wrong • Henry Gray: Improved on Versalius in Gray’s Anatomy

7. Human Structure • Levels of Structural Organization: • Chemical SIMPLEST • Cellular • Tissue • Organ • System • Organism COMPLEX.

8. Anatomical Variation. • An anomaly occurs in 30% of the population • No 2 humans are exactly alike (still, they’re close) • Missing organs • palmaris longus muscle • More or less organs than normal • 6 lumbar vertebrae, 5 wisdom teeth • Variation in organ locations (situs inversus, dextrocardia, situs perversus)

9. Anatomical Variation.

10. Organization Cellular composition cell theory: all structure & function result from the activity of cells Metabolism= Catabolism, Anabolism Responsiveness (nerve impulses) Movement Growth Differentiation= unspecialized to specialized Reproduction Excretion Homeostasis Characteristics of life

11. Homeostasis: Maintaining Physiological Balance • Hippocrates noted that body normally returns to a state of equilibrium by itself • needs to detect the change & oppose it • Regulation of Homeostasis • FAST= Nervous System (Nerves) • Slow= Endocrine System (Hormones) • Loss of homeostatic control causes illness or death

12. DISEASE IS HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE Don’t treat the disease. Treat the patient who has the disease.

13. A Word on pH (page 66) • Normal blood pH is 7.35-7.45 • homeostasis keeps blood within this small range • pH is the “Power of Hydrogen” Ions • A hydrogen ion is really just a proton • The pH scale goes from 0-14 • 0-7 is acidic, 7-14 is basic, 7 is neutral • 0-7 means increased hydrogen ions, 7-14 is decreased hydrogen ions, 7 is equal hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-)

14. - NEGATIVE FEEDBACK Effects stimulus in a NEGATIVE way Effects are to DECREASE the stimulus SUBTRACTS FROM Example- High BP, increase BP= decreased BP MOST COMMON + POSITIVE FEEDBACK Effects stimulus in a POSITIVE way Effects are to INCREASE the stimulus ADDS TO Example- Labor , Contractions= more contractions Feedback Systems- Maintaining Homeostasis

15. Positive Feedback Loops • Physiological change that leads to an even greater change in the same direction (self-amplifying)

16. Medical Terms • Diagnosis Di-agnosis (di- two, agnosis- don’t know) = two guesses, MAYO clinic 50% incorrect on autopsy • Medical History- 90% of diagnosis • Physical exam, tests- never makes diagnosis, supports diagnosis • Pharmacology- Pharmakon = poison.

17. Medical Imaging • Radiography • x-rays discovered (William Roentgen) in 1895 • dense tissue (bone, teeth and tumors) are not penetrated so the photographic film remains white • Sonography • high-frequency ultrasound waves echoes back from internal organs, great for fluid imaging • obstetrics uses to locate placenta, evaluate fetal age, position and development

18. Medical Imaging • Computed Tomography (CT scan) • low-intensity X rays computer analysis produces an image of a slice of the body • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) • magnetic field aligns atoms; when the magnetic field is turned off the atoms give off energy • computer analysis produces a picture • Best for soft tissue analysis

19. Medical Imaging • Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan) • detects activity of tissue • injection of radioactively labeled glucose emits energy analyzed by computer • color image of glucose usage at that moment • extent of damaged to heart tissue • activity of brain of neurology patients

20. Imaging review- In Two Words or… • Radiography • dense tissue • Sonography • fluid imaging • Computed Tomography (CT scan) • slice • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) • soft tissue • Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan) • tissue activity

21. Sometimes the whole picture is not seen. 1 2 3 4 5 The Yoke “Tumor” is missed with too wide of a slice (#1 and #5) 1 5 2 3 4

22. EDITORIAL- Why use medical terms? • Common reason • Ease of description • English is limited anatomically • Underlying reason • Mystique • Secures profession, Idiopathic • Cover inadequacies, Iatrogenic • Aids healing

23. Atlas AGeneral Orientation to Human Anatomy • Anatomical Position • Directional Terms- relative terms: • As three questions 1. Anterior or Posterior? 2. Superior or Inferior? 3. Medial or Lateral? • Your _____ is ___/___/___ to your _____. • Proximal/distal, Ipsilateral (same side), Bilateral (Both sides, Contralateral (opposite side)

24. Sagittal plane divides body into right and left halves Gives you a lateral view Coronal (Frontal) plane divides body into front & back portions Gives you an Anterior toPosterior view Transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into upper & lower portions Gives you a bird’s eye view Oblique plane is a between a sagittal and coronal planes gives an oblique view Planes and Views

25. Body Cavities • Major body cavities • dorsal body cavity • cranial cavity • vertebral canal • ventral body cavity • thoracic cavity • diaphragm separates them • abdominopelvic cavity • abdominal cavity • pelvic cavity • Lined by membranes • Filled with viscera

26. Abdominal Quadrants (forget regions)

27. Organs in the Quadrants