Teaching Methods

1. Teaching Methods Chapters 7 and 8 Instructors and Their Jobs and additional resources

2. Communication Skills • Elements of communication • Communicator • Ability to select and use meaningful symbols • Attitudes toward self, subject, and receivers • Wealth of current, accurate, and stimulating info • Symbols • Receiver

3. Communication Techniques • Language • Voice control • Pitch • Rate • Volume • Clarity • Bodily actions • Eye contact

4. Questioning • Enhance learning process • Requires practice • Most demand mere fact recall • Two-way communication

5. Purposes of Questioning • Get and maintain interest • Stimulate critical thinking • Check for understanding and mastery • Evaluate and summarize teaching • Distribute opportunity for participation • Stimulate interaction • Determine student attitudes • Develop subject

6. Characteristics of Effective Questioning • Purposeful • Clear and concise • Related to objectives • Challenging – beyond knowledge level • Limited to one idea • Appropriate timing • Changes students’ roles from passive to active

7. Direct Overhead Reverse Relay Knowledge Comprehension Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation Types of Questions

8. Technique for Questioning • Ask aloud to entire class • Pause and look around (wait time) • Call on one student • Listen carefully and attentively • Respond to response • If correct, emphasize it • If incorrect, call on other or ask question

9. We Learn . . . • 10% of what we read • 20% of what we hear • 30% of what we see • 50% of what we both see and hear • 70% of what is discussed with others • 80% of what we experience personally • 95% of what we TEACH to someone else • William Glasser

10. Advantages Time Person power Supplement Disadvantages Limited participation Not suitable for skills Difficult to assess progress Difficult to keep attention Techniques Use outline Use visual aids Emphasize key points Utilize stories to support Encourage student interaction Use communication techniques Lecture/Presentation

11. Advantages Active participation Effective thinking Reinforce learning Better solutions Disadvantages Time Stay on track Participation Background Techniques Preparation Topic Objective Homework Lead-off questions Three parts Atmosphere Guided Discussion

12. Discussion Guidelines • Consider goals • Consider experience and development of students • Study issues • Orient students to objective • Provide supportive environment • Provide information when necessary • Review, summarize, or weave opinions and facts

13. Small-Group Suggestions • Monitor activity • Ensure background knowledge is sufficient • Plan for relatively short discussions • Give precise directions

14. Advantages Individual guidance Apply principles Reinforce learning Disadvantages Time consuming Storage Expensive equipment Techniques Simple to complex Procedure sheets Realistic Questioning Evaluation Performance

15. Inquiry/Problem-Based Learning • Discovery through data collection and hypotheses testing • Common steps: • Identify and clarify problem • Form hypotheses • Collect data • Analyze and interpret data to test hypotheses • Draw conclusions

16. Practice Going over material just learned Clarify and emphasize Spread out over time Conduct in context Drills Repeating information Useful for learning that needs to be retained long-term Practice and Drills

17. Reviews • Look at topic another time • Involves re-teaching • Reinforces previously learned material

18. Guided Practice • Seatwork • Circulate • Have short contact with individuals • Teacher-led practice • Drill • Question and answer sessions • Student cooperative practice • Help one another during seatwork

19. Activities: Research reports Case studies Problem-based learning Reporting: Display Act out Computer-generated report Panel discussions Written materials Projects, Reports and Problems

20. Cooperative Learning • Teacher presents problem or task • Students work among themselves • Students help one another • Students praise or criticize one another • Receive group performance score

21. Cooperative Learning Elements • Positive interdependence • Face-to-face interaction • Individual accountability • Interpersonal and small-group skills • Group processing

22. Informal Groups • Short-term • Usually take place after lectures • Think-Pair-Share • Round Robin

23. Formal Groups • Carefully designed • Student Teams—Achievement Divisions • Teams—Games—Tournament • Team Accelerated Instruction • Jigsaw • Learning Together

24. Panels and Debates • Group becomes informed on topic • Present information to class • Interact in discussion • Panel • Symposium • Task force • Debate

25. Role Playing • Students act our situation or idea • Teacher facilitates follow-up discussion • Helps understanding of perspectives • Used to clarify attitudes and concepts • Usually done spontaneously • Can be time consuming • Students may not be serious

26. Simulations • Model real-life environment • Assume roles, make decisions, face consequences • Benefit from seeing others’ behavior

27. Games • Competition to achieve learning goal • Teach problem solving and decision making