CHAPTER 2 EARLY CIVILIZATIONS

1. CHAPTER 2EARLY CIVILIZATIONS http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/IMAGES/DeirBahari.jpg

2. Section I Information http://thecorner.org/default_prog/postcard/images/egypt.jpg

3. What is a Civilization? • Definition: a society in an advanced state of social development • 7 Categories that equal a civilization • 1. Land Form – Where do you survive? What is the land like? • 2. Economics and Trade – How do you get new things? Did they make their own money? • 3. Power and Authority – Who is in charge? Who has authority under the leader? • 4. Social Structure – Who is on top and who’s not? Who is most important in the society and who is not important? • 5. Science and Technology – What did they invent? How does it work? How did it change their society? • 6. Record Keeping – How did they write down records and history of society? • 7. Religion – How do they worship? What are the main gods? Main religions?

4. The Nile Valley • Early inhabitants called the Nile River Valley “Kemet” - Black land • Nile River – 4,160mi (worlds largest river) • River floods without notice • Cataracts make Nile impossible to travel on http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/egypt.gif

5. United Egypt • Monarchies – small kingdoms ruled by separate kings • Menes – 3000 B.C. conquered all of Egypt and ruled Memphis • Set up the first dynasty • Historians organize Egyptian dynasties into 3 kingdoms • Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom http://www.homestead.com/wysinger/narmer.jpg

6. Old Kingdom (2700 B.C. – 2200B.C.) • Egyptian people regarded their king as a descendent of the gods • Theocracy – Leader is the political and religious leader • Bureaucracy – king delegated responsibilities of the state to these people • Built dams, canals and silos • Also built the 3 pyramids of Giza • Believed kings watched over the kingdom after their death http://faculty.etsu.edu/kortumr/03egypt/adobejpgimages/19gizalarge.jpg

7. Middle Kingdom (2200 B.C. – 1800 B.C.) • Kings in Memphis lost power: chaos and violence pursued • 2050B.C. – new dynasty erupted in Thebes (lower Egypt) • Accomplishments: • Gained more land by invading Syria • Built a canal between Nile and Red Sea for trade • 1700 B.C. Hyksos invaded Egypt with bronze weapons and chariots – no match against stone • Ruled Egypt for 110 years http://www.dbaol.com/images/faces/1888_face.jpg

8. The New Kingdom(1600 B.C. – 945 B.C.) • Ahmose – Egyptian prince raised an army and drove out the Hyksos • Pharaoh – “great house of the king” • Queen Hatshepsut – took over as pharaoh because her son, Thutmose III was only four at the time • Became first women to be pharaoh • Built many tombs and temples throughout Egypt • Thutmose III – killed mother and took over Egypt • Conquered Syria and combined cultures • Amenhotep (Akhenaton)- (1370) wanted to end polytheism – belief in many gods • Wanted people to only believe in the sun god – Aton • Moved capital from Thebes to a new city dedicated to Aton

9. Queen Hatshepsut – Amhenhotep http://www.rainbowcrystal.com/egypt/E-113hatshepsut.jpg http://community-2.webtv.net/PABarton/HISTORYOFAFRICAN/media/captureD72.jpg

10. Tutankhamen – Took over next - moved the capital back to Thebes • Died very young of a fractured leg (new theory) • Ramses II – wanted to return the prestige back to Egypt – ruled for 67 years! • At the battle of Kadesh in 1285 B.C. Egypt and long time rival Hittites agreed to a treaty • Agreed to help each other if one of them gets invaded • After Ramses II died, Egypt was invaded by Mediterranian invaders • Kushites, Libyans and others ruled Egypt for the next couple hundred years

11. Tutankhamen Ramses II http://www.ic.edu.lb/library/projects/tutankhamen.jpg http://www.hait.ac.il/staff/ShlomoA/art_history/Images/Egypt/RamsesII%20LuxurHead.JPG

12. Egypt Seven Categories Civilization Chart • Time: 2685 B.C. – 30 B.C. • Location: North East Africa • Major Cities: Memphis, Thebes • Land Forms • Fertile land along Nile River • Nile River flows north 4,000 miles • Predictable flooding—creates rich soil • Flood– plant– harvest- flood- plant- harvest • Economics/Trade • Traded with Mesopotamia and up and down the Nile • Developed vast culture

13. Power and Authority • Pharaohs-leaders who were thought of as gods • Theocracy ruler is divine figure • Responsible for everything that went on—rain, sun, flood, harvest • Social Structure 1. pharaohs, queen, royal family 2. merchants, artisans, scribes 3. peasants, farmers 4. slaves (later on) - Women could own & trade property and seek divorce - People weren't held to position, could earn status if they could read and write/slaves, loyal servants • Science Technology • Developed a calendar 365 days, 12 months, 30 days each • Developed medicine and performed surgeries • Developed mathematical knowledge in adding and subtracting

14. Record Keeping • Hieroglyphics—carved pictures into wall --man, in time, owl (m-sound) • Rosetta stone—written Greek and in hieroglyphics • Religion • Polytheistic—believed in 2000 gods • Egyptians believed in afterlife—enjoyed by non-sinners http://i1.trekearth.com/photos/12597/hieroglyphics.jpg