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Early Civilizations

Early Civilizations. Day 32 – Semester 1. Bellwork.

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Early Civilizations

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  1. Early Civilizations Day 32 – Semester 1

  2. Bellwork • The elephant has held an important position in Indian tradition for thousands of years. According to Indian belief, the wife of the great god Shiva produced a son from her own sweat and named him Ganesha. Ganesha was to guard his mother’s door. When he denied entrance to Shiva, the god had Ganesha’s head cut off. His mother searched around for a suitable replacement and found a baby elephant’s head. Ganesha, the elephant-headed god, is considered a remover of obstacles and a bringer of good fortune. Many homes and businesses in India have a statue of Ganesha. • In one clear paragraph, explain the difference between Hinduism, India’s oldest religion, and Buddhism, a religion founded in the sixth century BC.

  3. Ancient Civilizations Chart

  4. Mesopotamia • Cities: • Cities had central temples called ziggurats • Ur in Sumer; Babylon – Akkad; Kish; Umma; Lagash; Uruk; Adage – Akkad • Specialized Workers: • Priests, warriors, scribes, artisans and farmers • Writing: • Cuneiform (world’s 1st writing system) • Technology and Tools: • Wheel, sail, plow, made bronze, irrigation • Religion: • polytheistic • Government: • Priest and kings ran cities (city-states) • Had written law codes (Hammurabi) • United city-states into empires • Geography: • Located in the Fertile Crescent • Between the Tigris and Euphrates Rives • No natural barriers • Present day Iraq

  5. Egypt • Cities: • Had power over the surrounding lands • Thebes; Memphis • Specialized Workers: • Rulers (pharaohs); officials, priests, wealthy landowners and slaves • Writing: • Hieroglyphics: writing had symbol that stood for ideas and sounds • Technology and Tools: • Engineering, astronomy, geometry, medicine, calendar, written numbers • Religion: • Polytheistic; pyramids; temples; after-life • Government: • Theocracy • Ruled by pharaoh • Geography: • Nile River • Bordered by Mediterranean and Red Seas • natural barriers: deserts • In Northeast Africa

  6. India • Cities: • Planned and neatly laid out streets and fortified areas (city walls) • Mohenjo-Daro; Harappa; Kalibangan • Fortified area called citadel, contained major buildings of the city • Plumbing and sewage systems • Specialized Workers: • Artisans, traders, engineers • Writing: • Writing system not deciphered found on stamps and seals; 400 symbols • Technology and Tools: • Plumbing, sewage systems; sophisticated buildings • Religion: • A mother goddess • Fertility images • Worship of bull • Hinduism • Government: • Rulers organized the work of laying out cities; planned cities • Strong centralized government • theocracy • Geography: • subcontinent • Indus and Ganges Rivers • natural barriers: mountains (Hindu Kush, Himalayan, Karakorum); Deccan Plateau • Monsoon winds

  7. China • Cities: • Had massive earthen walls for protection • Anyang – capital of Shang Dynasty: built of wood • Specialized Workers: • King; Warriors defended land; artisans; priests • Writing: • Unified peoples with different languages; characters stood for ideas • Technology and Tools: • Refined bronze casting technology; silk cloth production; cast iron; coined money • Religion: • Closely link to family (filial piety); oracle bones; ancestors • Government: • Mandate of Heaven • Theocracy • Feudalism/aristocracy owned lands • Organized workers to build canals and city walls • Geography: • Yangtze River and Huang He River: loess • North China Plain: Heartland • Natural barriers: mountain , deserts and Plateau of Tibet all kept geographically isolated • Yellow sea, East China Sea and Pacific Ocean

  8. Test Review #3

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